An Introduction to Comparative Legal Models of Criminal Justice

While in Plato's time there may have been some truth to his belief that there can only be "one single justice, and one single law," such is not the case today. Criminal justice systems vary widely across the world in their approaches to the problem of crime. Bringing together the collective wisdom of Cliff Roberson and Dilip K. Das, two world-renowned experts and university professors who have been involved in the criminal justice system for over thirty years, An Introduction to Comparative Legal Models of Criminal Justice presents the theme that a country's legal model to a great extent determines the character of its police and corrections as well as its legal system. This book examines these different systems and is a useful reference guide for all criminal justice professionals. Examines Various Approaches The book begins with a brief overview of the five legal models. The continental (civil) system, characterized by an inquisitorial nature and practiced in most European countries, is discussed, followed by the common law model, which is known for its adversarial quality and is used in most English-speaking countries. The religion-based Islamic system and the rehabilitation-oriented Marxist system are also profiled. Those systems that are still emerging or are hybrid in nature are characterized as mixed. In some cases, the secretive nature of certain countries' methods, especially those using extreme punishments, necessitated reliance on reports published by the U.S. State Department. By examining how other societies deal with problems of justice, criminal justice professionals will gain insight as to which police and corrections methods are likely to be the most successful in their jurisdictions, and which will create more problems than they solve.

Table of Contents:
An Introduction to the Study of Comparative Legal Models Key Terms Introduction Words of Art Legal Models Jurisprudence Natural Law Positive Law Approach Historical Approach Law as an Instrument of Control Function of a Court System Brief Examination of the Legal Models Roman Law Revival of Roman Law Commercial Law Civil Law Model Common Law Model Islamic Model Socialist Model Mixed-Legal Model Law Enforcement Systems Punishments Comparative Violence Summary Questions in Review Common Law Model: The Courts Key Terms Introduction Henry II The Magna Carta Sir Edward Coke Sir William Blackstone Common Law in the United States U.S. Court Systems Today Federal System U.S. Court of Appeals U.S. District Courts U.S. Magistrates Participants in a Criminal Case Trial Judge Defendant Prosecuting Attorney Law in Action: The Case of Wen Ho Lee State Attorney General Defense Counsel The Right to Represent Oneself Privileged Communication Clerk of the Court Bailiff Court Reporter Court Commissioners English Court System Today Court of Queen’s or King’s Bench Supreme Court of Judicature Magistrates’ Court Crown Court Royal Courts of Justice Comparisons between the United States and the United Kingdom Practice of Law Canadian Legal System Court Structure Provincial and Territorial Superior Courts Provincial and Territorial Courts The Judiciary Right to Fair Trial versus Freedom of the Press Scottish Legal System Australian Legal System Legal System Classification of Crimes Summary Questions in Review Policing and Corrections under the Common Law Model Key Terms Policing in Common Law Countries Deviance Control or Civil Order Control Policing Models Local Policing in the United States and England Local Policing in the United States Mission of Local Police Departments Local Policing in England and Wales Hiring Requirements for U.S. and English Police Officers Salaries for English and U.S. Police Officers Training of New Officers Police Powers and Use of Discretion Community Policing under the Common Law Model Policing in Canada Corrections in Common Law Countries Sentencing In the United States In the United Kingdom and Wales Sentencing in the United Kingdom Confinement Rates of Incarceration Approaches to Confinement in the United States English Purposes of Confinement Prisons Ombudsman Alternatives to Incarceration Corporal Punishment Fines Probation Probation in England Probation in the United States House Arrest Death Penalty Summary Questions in Review Civil Law Model: The Courts Key Terms Introduction Early Tribal and Feudal Laws Early Legislation Influence of Roman Law Canon Law Commercial Law Development of National Legal Systems 105 Napoleonic Code German Legal Science Codes in Civil and Common Law Models Inquisitorial Prosecution German Civil Law System Rights of the Accused in a German Criminal Trial Principle of Territoriality Criminal Justice in France Criminal Justice in Brazil Summary Questions in Review Policing and Corrections under the Civil Law Model Key Terms Introduction Law Enforcement in France Law Enforcement in Germany Law Enforcement in Brazil Corrections under the Civil Law Model Pre-trial Diversion Plea Bargaining Confinement Probation Parole Death Penalty Fines Summary Questions in Review The Islamic Law Model: The Courts Key Terms Introduction Origins and Evolution Sources Fundamental Principles Structure of Penal Law Murder under Islamic Law Evidence of Guilt Confessions Testimony of Eyewitnesses Other Evidence Doubt as to Guilt Saudi Arabia Criminal Cases Pakistan Iran Summary Questions in Review Policing and Corrections under the Islamic Legal Model Key Terms Introduction Saudi Policing The Saudi Record on Human Rights Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile Policing in Pakistan Policing in Iran Corrections Amputation Blood Money Aid to Prisoners’ Families Corrections in Iran Corrections in Pakistan Summary Questions in Review The Socialist Law Model: The Courts Key Terms Introduction Legal System of Russia People’s Republic of China Crimes Court System Confessions Law of Search and Seizure Rights of an Accused Court Procedures Legal System of Cuba Court Structure Trial Procedure Extradition from Cuba Summary Questions in Review Policing and Corrections under the Socialist Law Model Key Terms Introduction Public Trust and Community Policing Policing in Russia Policing in the People’s Republic of China Use of Force by Police in China Police Detention Public Crime Statistics Policing in Cuba Corrections in Russia Imprisonment in Russia Corrections in China Chinese Prisons Early Release of Prisoners Prison Conditions Corrections in Cuba Range of Punishments Confinement in Cuba Summary Questions in Review Mixed Law Models Key Terms Introduction Bulgarian System of Law Bulgarian Court System Bulgarian Prosecutors Crime Classification Trial Procedure Bulgarian Police System Corrections in Bulgaria Confinement in Bulgaria Indian System of Law Indian Legal History Crime Classifications in India Indian Court System Policing in India Criminal Process in India Prosecutors Corrections in India Confinement in India Sri Lankan System of Law Criminal Justice System Crime Classification Sri Lanka’s Court System Policing in Sri Lanka Trial Procedures Sentencing Process Confinement in Sri Lanka Summary Questions in Review International Courts Key Terms Introduction International Criminal Court The United States and the ICC Establishment of the Court President of the ICC Judicial Divisions Prosecutor Registry Other Offices Jurisdiction and Admissibility Procedure Duties of States That Are Parties Selected Court Cases Trial Procedure of the ICC International Court of Justice Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) Establishment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Resolution of Cases Practice Directions Jurisdiction of the ICJ Contentious Cases Advisory Proceedings Court of Justice of the European Communities Proceedings before the Court Court of First Instance Examples of Cases Brought before the Court of First Instance Civil Service Tribune Summary Questions in Review International Criminal Justice Agencies and Associations Key Terms Introduction Interpol Structure Core Functions Trafficking in Human Beings Corruption Child Sexual Exploitation Public Safety and Terrorism Drugs Criminal Organizations Financial and High-tech Crimes Fugitive Investigative Services Interpol’s Other Areas of Crime National Central Reference Points Network International Cyber-crime Conference Europol The Europol Computer System (TECS) International Association of Chiefs of Police International Police Association United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Network U.N. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy Criminal Justice Reform Unit Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention Institutes of the U.N. Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network Commission on Narcotic Drugs U.N. Terrorism Prevention Branch International Narcotics Control Board Transnational Organized Crime Trafficking in Humans United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children Trafficking in Firearms International Police Executive Symposium International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism Organization of American States Child Wise Summary Questions in Review APPENDIX A: ICC Arrest Warrant for Thomas Lubanga Dyilo APPENDIX B: First Appearance before the International Criminal Court in Case of Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo APPENDIX C: Excerpts from the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy Resolution Sixtieth Session: Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly References Index

About the Author :
In 2009, a research study conducted by a group of professors from Sam Houston State University determined that Cliff Roberson was the leading criminal justice author in the United States based upon on his publications and their relevance to the profession.a --Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol.6, issue 1, 2009