Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems: (Applied Software Engineering Series)

Solid requirements engineering has become increasingly essential to on-time and on-budget delivery of software and systems projects. As more engineering programs make it a mandatory part of their curricula, students and working engineers require significant training to master the field, especially the complicated emerging ancillary software tools vital to the requirements engineering process. With a focus on software-intensive systems, Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems provides a probing and comprehensive review of recent developments in intelligent systems, soft computing techniques, and their diverse applications in manufacturing. Topics covered can be applied to the requirements engineering practices for: Advanced production machines and systems Collaborative and responsive manufacturing systems Digital manufacturing E-manufacturing E-business and virtual enterprises Fit manufacturing Human machine interfaces Innovative design technologies Intelligent and competitive manufacturing Intelligent planning and scheduling systems Mechatronics and MEMS Micro and nano manufacturing Production automation and control Reconfigurable manufacturing systems Sustainable manufacturing systems Robotics To illustrate key ideas associated with requirements engineering, the text presents three common example systems: an airline baggage handling system, a point-of-sale system for one location of a large pet store chain, and a system for a smart home in which one or more PCs control various aspects of the home’s functions. The selected systems encompass a wide range of applications—from embedded to organic, for both industrial and consumer uses.

Table of Contents:
Introduction to Requirements Engineering Motivation What is Requirements Engineering? You Probably Don’t Do Enough Requirements Engineering What are Requirements? Requirements Versus Goals Requirements Level Classification Requirements Specifications Types Domain Vocabulary Understanding Requirements Engineering Activities Requirements Elicitation/Discovery Requirements Analysis and Reconciliation Requirements Representation and Modeling Requirements Validation Requirements Management The Requirements Engineer Requirements Engineering Paradigms Requirements Engineer as Software Engineer Requirements Engineer as Subject Matter Expert Requirements Engineer as Architect Requirements Engineer as Business Process Expert Ignorance as Virtue Role of the Customer? Problems with Traditional Requirements Engineering Complexity Four Dark Corners (Zave and Jackson) Difficulties in Enveloping System Behavior The Danger of All in Specifications Mission Statement, Customers, and Stakeholders Mission Statements Encounter with a Customer? Stakeholders Negative Stakeholders Stakeholder Identification Customer Wants and Needs What Do Customers Want? What Don’t Customers Want? Why Do Customers Change Their Minds? Stakeholder Prioritization Communicating with Customers and Other Stakeholders Managing Expectations Stakeholder Negotiations Requirements Elicitation Introduction Elicitation Techniques Survey Brainstorming Card Sorting Designer as Apprentice Domain Analysis Ethnographic Observation Goal-based Approaches Group Work Interviews Introspection Joint Application Design (JAD) Laddering Protocol Analysis Prototyping Quality Function Deployment Questionnaires Repertory Grids Scenarios Task Analysis User Stories Viewpoints Workshops Elicitation Summary Which Combination of Requirements Elicitation Techniques Should Be Used? Prevalence of Requirements Elicitation Techniques Elicitation Support Technologies Using Wikis for Requirements Elicitation Mobile Technologies Content Analysis Writing the Requirements Document Requirements Representation Approaches IEEE Standard 830-199871 IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Non-Functional Requirements IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Functional Requirements ISO/IEC Standard 2503076 Use Cases Behavioral Specifications The Requirements Document Users of a Requirements Document Requirements Document Requirements Best Practices and Recommendations Requirements Risk Management What is Requirements Risk Management? Requirements Validation and Verification Techniques for Requirements V&V The Requirements Validation Matrix The Importance of Measurement in Requirements Verification and Validation Standards for Verification and Validation IEEE Standard 83096 NASA Requirements Testing NASA ARM Tool Imperatives Continuances Directives Options Weak Phrases Formal Methods Motivation What are Formal Methods? A Little History Using Formal Methods Formal Methods Types Examples Formalization of Train Station in B Formalization of Space Shuttle Flight Software Using MurF Formalization of an Energy Management System Using Category Theory Requirements Validation Theorem Proving Model Checking Objections, Myths, and Limitations Objections and Myths Limitations of Formal Methods Final Advice Requirements Specification and Agile Methodologies Introduction to Agile Methodologies Principles Behind the Agile Manifesto Extreme Programming (XP) Scrum Requirements Engineering for Agile Methodologies General Practices in Agile Methodologies Agile Requirements Best Practices Requirements Engineering in XP Requirements Engineering in Scrum Writing User Stories Agile Requirements Engineering Challenges for Requirements Engineering in Agile Methodologies Tool Support for Requirements Engineering Introduction Traceability Support Commercial Requirements Engineering Tools DOORS Rational RequisitePro Requirements and Traceability Management CaliberRM QFD/Capture Open Source Requirements Engineering Tools FreeMind Open Source Requirements Management Tool (OSRMT) FitNesse Requirements Engineering Tool Best Practices Requirements Management Requirements Management Managing Divergent Agendas Expectation Revisited: Pascal’s Wager Global Requirements Management Antipatterns in Requirements Management Environmental Antipatterns Management Antipatterns Other Paradigms for Requirements Management Requirements Management and Improvisational Comedy Requirements Management as Scriptwriting Reference Models for Requirements Management ISO 9000-3 (1997) Six Sigma Capability Maturity Model (CMMI) IEEE 830 IEEE 12207(2002) ISO/IEC 25030 A Case Study: FBI Virtual Case File Value Engineering of Requirements What, Why, When, and How of Value Engineering? What is Value Engineering? When Does Value Engineering Occur? Estimating Using COCOMO and its Derivatives COCOMO WEBMO COSYSMO Estimating Using Function Points Function Point Cost Drivers Feature Points Use Case Points Requirements Feature Cost Justification Return on Investment Net Present Value Internal Rate of Return Profitability Index Payback Period Discounted Payback Period Appendix: Software Requirements Specification for a Smart Home, Version 2.0 Glossary Index

Review :
Based on a Penn State course taught by the author, this text provides a review of the theoretical and practical aspects of discovering, analyzing, modeling, validating, testing, and writing requirements for systems of all kinds, particularly software-intensive systems. Incorporating a variety of formal methods, social models, and modern requirements writing techniques useful to practicing engineers, the text is suitable for professional software engineers, systems engineers, and senior undergraduate and graduate students in these fields. -Book News Inc., 2009