Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures, Second Edition

The leading authority in the field offers a unique and comprehensive treatment of the construction aspects of offshore structures, rather than the more commonly addressed design considerations. Extensively updated, this second edition provides a new chapter on extending offshore technologies to inland waterways and emphasizes recent advances-including floating structures, deep-water structures, ice-resistant structures, and bridge foundations. Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures details all the particulars of building in a marine environment, including construction equipment, marine operations, installing piles, pipelines, and cables, steel and concrete offshore platforms, and underwater repairs. Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures provides an essential reference to engineers in the oil and service industries and to marine construction planners, designers, and contractors. New in the second edition: How the physical environment and geotechnical conditions affect construction Increased attention to protecting the natural environment and compliance with regulatory provisions Recent developments in positioning, instrumentation, and underwater inspection, plus a new section on concrete and steel floating structures and installing permanent moorings Expanded treatment of deep water bridge piers as well as locks and dams on major rivers.

Table of Contents:
Introduction General Geography Ecological Environment Legal Jurisdiction Offshore Construction Relationships and Sequences Typical Marine Structures Interaction of Design and Construction Physical Environmental Aspects of Marine and Offshore Construction General Distances and Depths Hydrostatic Pressure and Buoyancy Temperature Seawater and Sea-Air Interface Currents Waves and Swells Winds and Storms Tides and Storm Surges Rain, Snow, Fog, Whiteout, and Spray; Atmospheric Icing, Lightning Sea Ice and Icebergs Seismicity, Seaquakes, and Tsunamis Floods Geotechnical Aspects: Seafloor and Marine Soils General Dense Sands Calcareous Sands Boulders on and near the Seafloor Surface; Glacial Till Overconsolidated Silts Subsea Permafrost and Clathrates Weak Arctic Silts and Clays Ice Scour and Pingos Methane Gas Muds and Clays Coral and Similar Biogenic Soils; Cemented Soils Unconsolidated Sands Underwater Sand Dunes ("Megadunes") Rock Outcrops Cobbles Deep Gravel Deposits Seafloor Oozes Seafloor Instability and Slumping; Turbidity Currents Concluding Remarks Concerning Seafloor Construction Ecological and Societal Impacts of Marine Construction General Oil and Petroleum Products Toxic Chemicals Contaminated Soils Construction Wastes Turbidity Sediment Transport, Scour and Erosion Air Pollution Marine Life: Mammals and Birds, Fish, and Other Biota Aquifers Noise Highway, Rail, Barge, and Air Traffic Protection of Existing Structures Vibration Safety of the Public-Other Vessels Materials and Fabrication for Offshore Structures Steel Structures for the Offshore Environment Structural Concrete Hybrid Steel-Concrete Structures Plastics and Synthetic Materials Titanium Rock, Sand, and Asphaltic-Bituminous Material Marine and Offshore Construction Equipment General Basic Motions in a Seaway Buoyancy, Draft, and Freeboard Stability Damage Control Barges Crane Barges Offshore Derrick Barges (Fully Revolving) Catamaran Barges Semisubmersible Barges Jack-Up Construction Barges Launch Barges Offshore Dredges Pipelaying Barges Supply Boats Anchor-Handling Boats Towboats Drilling Vessels Crew Boats Floating Concrete Plant MARINE OPERATIONS Towing Moorings and Anchors Handling Heavy Loads at Sea Personnel Transfer at Sea Underwater Intervention, Diving, Underwater Work Systems, ROV's, and Manipulators Underwater Concreting and Grouting Offshore Surveying and Navigation, and Sea-Floor Surveys Temporary Buoyancy Augmentation SEAFLOOR MODIFICATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS General Controls for Grade and Position; Determination of Existing Conditions Seafloor Dredging and Obstruction Removal Dredging and Removal of Hard Material and Rock Placement of Underwater Fills Prevention of Liquefaction Scour Protection Concluding Remarks INSTALLATION OF PILES IN MARINE AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES General Fabrication of Tubular Steel Piles Transportation of Piling Installing Piles Methods of Increasing Penetration Insert Piles Anchoring into Rock or Hardpan Damaged Piles Prestressed Concrete Piles for Marine Structures Handling and Positioning of Piles Drilled and Grouted Piles Belled Footings Other Installation Methods and Practices Improving the Capacity of Offshore Piles HARBOR, RIVER, AND ESTUARY STRUCTURES General Harbor Structures River Structures Piers for Overwater Bridges Submerged Prefabricated Tunnels (Tubes) and Storm Surge Barriers Storm Surge Barriers Control Structures COASTAL STRUCTURES General Ocean Outfalls and Intakes Breakwaters Offshore Terminals OFFSHORE PLATFORMS: STEEL JACKETS AND PIN PILES General Fabrication of Steel Jackets Loadout, Tie-Down, and Transport Removal of Jacket from Transport Barge; Lifting; Launching Upending of Jacket Installation of the Seafloor Pile and Conductor Installation Deck Installation Examples CONCRETE OFFSHORE PLATFORMS: GRAVITY-BASED STRUCTURES General Construction Stages Enhancing Caisson-Foundation Interaction Sub-Base Construction Platform Removal OTHER APPLICATIONS OF OFFSHORE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY General Hybrid Concrete-Steel Platforms Single-Point Moorings Articulated Columns Seafloor Templates Underwater Oil Storage Vessels Cable Arrays, Moored Buoys, and Seafloor Deployment Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems MOORED FLOATING STRUCTURES General Fabrication of Concrete Floating Structures Launching Use of Concrete Barges for Cryogenic Service: FPSO's for LPG and LNG Steel Structures for Permanently Floating Service Mating Afloat INSTALLATION OF SUBMARINE PIPELINES General Conventional S-Lay Barge Bottom-Pull Method Reel Barge Surface Float Controlled Underwater Flotation (Controlled Subsurface Float) Controlled Above-Bottom Pull J-Tube Method: Single- and Double-Pull J-Lay from Barge S-Curve with Collapsible Floats Bundled Pipes Directional Drilling Laying under Ice Protection of Pipelines: Burial and Covering with Rock Support of Pipelines PLASTIC AND COMPOSITE PIPELINES, CABLES Submarine Pipelines of Composite Materials and Plastics Cable Laying TOPSIDE INSTALLATION General Module Erection Hook-up Giant Modules and Transfer of Complete Deck by Heavy Lift Float-Over Deck Structures Integrated Deck UNDERWATER REPAIRS General Repairs to Steel Jacket-Type Structures Repairs to Steel Piling Repairs to Concrete Offshore Structures Repairs to Foundations Fire Damage Pipeline Repairs STRENGTHENING EXISTING STRUCTURES General Strengthening of Offshore Platforms and Terminals, Members, or Assemblies Increasing Capacity of Existing Piles for Axial Loads Increasing Lateral Capacity of Piles and Structure in Interaction with Seafloor Soils Seismic Retrofit REMOVAL AND SALVAGE General Piled Structures (Terminals, Trestles, Shallow-Water Platforms) Offshore Drilling and Production Platforms (Jackets with Piles) Gravity-Base Platforms New Developments in Salvage Techniques CONSTRUCTIBILITY General Construction Stages Principles of Construction Facilities and Methods for Fabrication and Launching Assembly and Jointing Afloat Material Selection and Procedures Construction Procedures Access Tolerances Survey Control Quality Control and Assurance Safety Control of Construction: Feedback and Modification Contingency Planning Manuals On-Site Instruction Sheets Risk and Reliability Evaluation CONSTRUCTION IN THE DEEP SEA General Considerations and Phenomena for Deep Sea Operations Techniques for Deep-Sea Construction Properties of materials for the Deep Sea Platforms in the Deep Sea, Compliant Structures Tension Leg Platforms SPARS Deep Water Moorings Construction Operations on the Deep Seafloor Deep Water Pipelaying Deep Water Bridge Piers ARCTIC MARINE STRUCTURES General Sea Ice and Icebergs Atmospheric Conditions Arctic Seafloor and Geotechnics Oceanographic Ecological Considerations Logistics and Operations Earthwork in the Arctic Offshore Ice Structures Steel and Concrete Structures for the Arctic Deployment of Structures in the Arctic Installation at Site Ice Condition Surveys and Ice Management Durability Constructibility Pipeline Installation Current Arctic Developments EPILOGUE REFERENCES