Tissue Engineering Using Ceramics and Polymers

Drawing a distinguished editors and international team of contributors, this book reviews the latest research and advances and how they can be used to develop treatments for disease states. An innovative and up-to-date reference, it begins with a discussion of general issues and then moves on to review characterization. Building on this foundation, later chapters analyze bone regeneration and specific types of tissue engineering and repair such as cardiac, intervertebral disc, skin, kidney and bladder tissue. The book concludes with coverage of themes such as nerve bioengineering and the micromechanics of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials and tissue scaffolds.

Table of Contents:
Contents GENERAL ISSUES Ceramic Biomaterials, J. Huang and S. Best Introduction Characteristics of Ceramics Microstructure of Ceramics Properties of Ceramics Processing of Ceramics Conclusions Future Trends References Polymeric Biomaterials, G. Wei and P.X. Ma Introduction Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Polymeric Scaffolds with Controlled Release Capacity Conclusions References Bioactive Ceramics and Glasses, J.R. Jones Introduction Synthetic Hydroxyapatite Bioactive Glass Glass-Ceramics Conclusions References Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer/Ceramic Composite Scaffolds, S.K. Misra and A.R. Boccaccini Introduction Biodegradable Polymers and Bioactive Ceramics Composite Material Approach Materials Processing Strategies for Composite Scaffolds Case Studies Conclusions and Future Trends References Transplantation of Engineered Cells and Tissues, J. Mansbridge Introduction Rejection of Tissue Engineered Products Testing and Regulatory Consequences Generality of the Resistance of Tissue-Engineered Products to Immune Rejection Manufacturing Consequences Conclusions and Future Trends Sources of Further Information and Advice Acknowledgements References Surface Modification to Tailor the Biological Response, K. Shakesheff and G . Tsourapas Introduction The Biochemistry of Cell Interactions with the ECM The Need for Surface Modification of Scaffolds General Strategies for Surface Modification Examples from the Literature Covalent Attachment References Combined Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery, N. Tirelli Introduction Growth Factor (GF) Delivery Signalling Molecules Physically Entrapped in a Matrix Signalling Molecules Released from a Bound State References Carrier Systems and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications, F. Davis and S.P.J. Higson Introduction Carrier Systems Commercial Systems Polyanhydrides Biosensors Continuous Monitoring Future Trends Conclusions References Characterisation Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Secondary Ion Spectrometry (SIMS), A.J. Urquhart and M.R. Alexander Introduction X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Specific Sample Preparation and Acquisition Procedures Conclusions Future trends Acknowledgements References Characterisation Using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), A.M. Donald Introduction The Instrument: A Comparison with CSEM Static Experiments Dynamic Experiments Dual Beam Instruments – An Emerging Technique Potential and limitations Conclusions References Characterisation of Cells on Tissue Engineered Construsts Using Imaging Techniques/Microscopy, S.I. Anderson Introduction General Considerations and Experimental Design CLSM Combining Techniques Future Trends References Characterisation Using Raman Micro-Spectroscopy, I. Notingher Introduction Principles of Raman Spectroscopy Characterisation of Living Cells Characterisation of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Conclusions and Future Trends References TISSUE AND ORGAN GENERATION Engineering of Tissues and Organs, A. Atala Introduction Native Cells Biomaterials Alternate Cell Sources: Stem Cells and Nuclear Transfer Tissue Engineering of Specific Structures Cellular Therapies Conclusions and Future Trends References Bone Regeneration and Repair Using Tissue Engineering, P. Wozniak and A.J. El Haj Introduction Principles of Bone Biology Basics of Bone Remodelling Skeletal Tissue Reconstruction- A Tissue Engineering Approach Conclusions Acknowledgements References Bone Tissue Engineering and Biomineralisation, L. Di Silvio Introduction Tissue Engineering Scaffolds and Biomineralization Conclusions and Future Trends References Cardiac Tissue Engineering, Q.Z. Chen, S.E. Harding, N.N. Ali, H. Jawad, and A.R. Boccaccini Introduction Cell Sources Construct-Based Strategies in Myocardial Tissue Engineering Conclusions and Future Trends Acknowledgements References Intervertebral Disc Tissue Engineering, J. Hoyland and T. Freemont Introduction The Impact of Disorders of the Intervertebral Disc (IVD) on Modern Society The Normal Anatomy, Function and Cell Biology of the Intervertebral Disc (IVD) The Pathobiology of IVD Degeneration Treatment of Degeneration of the IVD The Place of Biomaterials in Proposed Strategies for Managing IVD Degeneration Tissue Regeneration and the IVD. Conclusions Future Trends Sources of Further Information and Advice References Skin Tissue Engineering, S. MacNeil Why do we Need Tissue Engineered Skin? Key Events in the Development of Tissue Engineered Skin Do We Need Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering of Skin? Key Steps in Development of Tissue Engineered Skin for Clinical Use Converting Research into Products Problems with Reconstructed Skin Unexpected Results from Using 3D Skin Models Future Trends References Liver Tissue Engineering, K. Shakesheff Introduction The Structure of the Liver Lobule Clinical & Commercial Applications of Engineered Liver Tissue Approaches to Liver Tissue Engineering Conclusions Future Trends References Kidney Tissue Engineering, A. Saito Introduction Present Status of Kidney Regeneration Functional Limitation of Current Heamodialysis as an Artificial Kidney System Configuration for Bioartificial Kidneys Past and Current Status of Development of Bioartificial Kidneys Attachment and Proliferation of Tubular Epithelial Cells on Polymer Membranes Function of Tubular Epithelial Cells on Polymer Membranes Evaluation of a Long-Term Function of LLC-PK1 Cell-Attached Hollow Fibre Membrane Improvement of the Components of a Portable Bioartificial Kidney Developed for Long-Term Use Conclusions and Future Trends References Bladder Tissue Engineering, A. Turner, R. Subramaniam, D.F.M Thomas, and J. Southgate The Bladder – Structure and Function The Clinical Need for Bladder Reconstruction Concepts and Strategies of Bladder Reconstruction and Tissue-Engineering Review of Past and Current Strategies in Bladder Reconstruction Cell Conditioning in an External Bioreactor Future Trends Conclusions References Nerve bioengineering, P. Kingham and G. Terenghi Peripheral Nerve Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration Peripheral Nerve Repair Bioengineered Nerve Conduits Matrix Materials Cultured Cells and Nerve Constructions Conclusions References Lung Tissue Engineering, A.E. Bishop and H.J. Rippon Introduction Lung Structure Sources of Cells for Lung Tissue Engineering Lung Tissue Constructs Conclusions References Intestine Tissue Engineering, D.A.J. Lloyd and S.M. Gabe Introduction Approaches to Tissue Engineering of the Small Intestine Artificial Scaffolds Intestinal Lengthening Using Artificial Scaffolds Transplantation of Intestinal Stem Cell Cultures Growth Factors Future Trends Conclusions References Micromechanics of Hydroxyapatite-Based Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, C. Hellmich and A. Fritsch Introduction Fundamentals of Continuum Micromechanics Micromechanical Representation of Mono-Porosity Biomaterials Made of Hydroxyapatite – Stiffness and Strength Estimates Model Validation Continuum Micromechanics Model for `Hierarchical’ Hydroxyapatite Biomaterials with Two Pore Spaces Used for Tissue Engineering Conclusions and Future Trends Appendix I Nomenclature References Cartilage Tissue Engineering, J. Gough Introduction Structure, Cellularity and Extracellular Matrix The Need for Cartilage Repair Current Treatments Including Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation Cell Source Materials Growth Factors and Oxygen Loading Osteochondral Defects Conclusions and Future Trends References

About the Author :
Imperial College London, England, UK The University of Manchester, UK