Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials

More than ever before, technological developments are blurring the boundaries shared by various areas of engineering (such as electrical, chemical, mechanical, and biomedical), materials science, physics, and chemistry. In response to this increased interdisciplinarity and interdependency of different engineering and science fields, Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials takes a necessarily critical, all-encompassing approach to introducing the fundamentals of electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of materials to students of science and engineering. Weaving together science and engineering aspects, this book maintains a careful balance between fundamentals (i.e., underlying physics-related concepts) and technological aspects (e.g., manufacturing of devices, materials processing, etc.) to cover applications for a variety of fields, including: Nanoscience Electromagnetics Semiconductors Optoelectronics Fiber optics Microelectronic circuit design Photovoltaics Dielectric ceramics Ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, and pyroelectrics Magnetic materials Building upon his twenty years of experience as a professor, Fulay integrates engineering concepts with technological aspects of materials used in the electronics, magnetics, and photonics industries. This introductory book concentrates on fundamental topics and discusses applications to numerous real-world technological examples—from computers to credit cards to optic fibers—that will appeal to readers at any level of understanding. Gain the knowledge to understand how electronic, optical, and magnetic materials and devices work and how novel devices can be made that can compete with or enhance silicon-based electronics. Where most books on the subject are geared toward specialists (e.g., those working in semiconductors), this long overdue text is a more wide-ranging overview that offers insight into the steadily fading distinction between devices and materials. It is well-suited to the needs of senior-level undergraduate and first-year graduate students or anyone working in industry, regardless of their background or level of experience.

Table of Contents:
Introduction Classification of Materials Crystalline Materials Ceramics, Metals and Alloys, and Polymers Functional Classifi cation of Materials Crystal Structures Directions and Planes in Crystal Structures Interstitial Sites or Holes in Crystal Structures Coordination Numbers Radius Ratio Concept Crystal Structures of Different Materials Defects in Materials Point Defects in Ceramic Materials Kröger–Vink Notation for Point Defects Dislocations Stacking Faults and Grain Boundaries Microstructure–Property Relationships Amorphous Materials Nanostructured Materials Defects in Materials: Good News or Bad News? Electrical Conduction in Metals and Alloys Ohm’s Law Sheet Resistance (Rs) Classical Theory of Electrical Conduction Drift, Mobility, and Conductivity Electronic and Ionic Conductors Limitations of the Classical Theory of Conductivity Resistivity of Metallic Materials Joule Heating or I2R Losses Dependence of Resistivity on Thickness Chemical Composition–Microstructure–Conductivity Relationships in Metals Resistivity of Metallic Alloys The Quantum Mechanical Approach to Conductivity Electrons in an Atom Electrons in a Solid Band Structure of Solids Concept of the Fermi Energy Level Fundamentals of Semiconductor Materials Intrinsic Semiconductors Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentrations Band Structure of Semiconductors Direct- and Indirect-Bandgap Semiconductors Applications of Direct-Bandgap Materials Motions of Electrons and Holes Extrinsic Semiconductors Donor-Doped (n-Type) Semiconductors Acceptor-Doped (p-Type) Semiconductors Amphoteric Dopants, Compensation, and Isoelectronic Dopants Dopant Ionization Conductivity of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors Effect of Temperature on the Mobility of Carriers The Effect of Dopant Concentration on Mobility Temperature Dependence of Conductivity Effect of Partial Dopant Ionization Effect of Temperature on the Bandgap The Effect of Dopant Concentration on the Bandgap (Eg) The Effect of Crystallite Size on the Bandgap Quantum Dots Semiconductivity in Ceramic Materials Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors Fermi Energy Levels in Metals Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors Electron and Hole Concentrations Fermi Energy Levels in Intrinsic Semiconductors Carrier Concentrations in Intrinsic Semiconductors Fermi Energy Levels in n-Type and p-Type Semiconductors Fermi Energy as a Function of the Temperature Fermi Energy Positions and the Fermi–Dirac Distribution Degenerate or Heavily-Doped Semiconductors Fermi Energy Levels across Materials and Interfaces Semiconductor p-n Junctions Formation of a p-n Junction Drift and Diffusion of Carriers Constructing the Band Diagram for a p-n Junction Calculation of Contact Potential Space Charge at the p-n Junction Electric Field Variation across the Depletion Region Variation of Electric Potential Width of the Depletion Region and Penetration Depths Reverse-Biased p-n Junction Diffusion Currents in a Forward-Biased p-n Junction Drift Currents in a p-n Junction Diode Based on a p-n Junction Reverse-Bias Breakdown Zener Diodes Semiconductor Devices Metal–Semiconductor Contacts Schottky Contacts Ohmic Contacts Solar Cells Light-Emitting Diodes Bipolar Junction Transistor Field-Effect Transistors Types of Field-Effect Transistors MESFET I–V Characteristics Metal Insulator Field-Effect Transistors Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors Linear Dielectric Materials Dielectric Materials Capacitance and Dielectric Constant Dielectric Polarization Local Electric Field (Elocal) Polarization Mechanisms—Overview Electronic or Optical Polarization Ionic, Atomic, or Vibrational Polarization Shannon’s Polarizability Approach for Predicting Dielectric Constants Dipolar or Orientational Polarization Interfacial, Space Charge, or Maxwell–Wagner Polarization Spontaneous or Ferroelectric Polarization Dependence of the Dielectric Constant on Frequency Complex Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Losses Equivalent Circuit of a Real Dielectric Impedance (Z) and Admittance (Y) Power Loss in a Real Dielectric Material Equivalent Series Resistance and Equivalent Series Capacitance Ferroelectrics, Piezoelectrics, and Pyroelectrics Ferroelectric Materials Relationship of Ferroelectrics and Piezoelectrics to Crystal Symmetry Electrostriction Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop Piezoelectricity Direct and Converse Piezoelectric Effects Piezoelectric Behavior of Ferroelectrics Piezoelectric Coefficients Tensor Nature of Piezoelectric Coefficients Relationship between Piezoelectric Coefficients Applications of Piezoelectrics Devices Based on Piezoelectrics Technologically Important Piezoelectrics Lead Zirconium Titanate Applications and Properties of Hard and Soft Lead Zirconium Titanate Ceramics Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient Illustration of an Application: Piezoelectric Igniter Recent Developments Piezoelectric Composites Pyroelectric Materials and Devices Magnetic Materials Origin of Magnetism Magnetization (M), Flux Density (B), Magnetic Susceptibility (χm), Permeability (μ), and Relative Magnetic Permeability (μr) Classification of Magnetic Materials Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Materials Other Properties of Magnetic Materials Magnetostriction Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials Hard Magnetic Materials Isotropic, Textured (Oriented), and Bonded Magnets Soft Magnetic Materials Magnetic Data-Storage Materials Index

About the Author :
Pradeep P. Fulay is a professor of Materials Science and Engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Fulay has also served as the Program Director for Electronics, Photonics and Device Technologies in the Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems Division at the National Science Foundation. He joined the University of Pittsburgh in 1989, immediately after earning a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the University of Arizona, Tucson. He earned a B. Tech with honors and an M. Tech with honors from the Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai, India, in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Dr. Fulay has authored two other textbooks, has published several referred journal publications, and has three U.S. patents issued in the field of Materials Science and Engineering. Dr. Fulay’s research in the areas of microwave ceramics, ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials, magnetic materials, and chemical synthesis and the processing of smart materials has received international recognition. Dr. Fulay is a fellow of the American Ceramic Society. He has also held many positions in educational and research institutions, including as the president of the Ceramic Educational Council of the American Ceramic Society and as a founding member of the Greater Pittsburgh Chapter of the Materials Research Society. Dr. Fulay has been a William Kepler Whiteford Faculty Fellow at the University of Pittsburgh. His research has been supported by several organizations including the National Science Foundation, Ford, Alcoa, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR).

Review :
Technological aspects of ferroelectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials are discussed in detail, in a way that should allow the reader to select an optimal material for a particular application. The basics of magnetostatics are described clearly, as are a wide range of magnetic properties of materials ... . -Tony Harker, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London