Trace Elements in Soils

Trace elements occur naturally in soils and some are essential nutrients for plant growth as well as human and animal health. However, at elevated levels, all trace elements become potentially toxic. Anthropogenic input of trace elements into the natural environment therefore poses a range of ecological and health problems. As a result of their persistence and potential toxicity, trace elements continue to receive widespread scientific and legislative attention. Trace Elements in Soils reviews the latest research in the field, providing a comprehensive overview of the chemistry, analysis, fate and regulation of trace elements in soils, as well as remediation strategies for contaminated soil. The book is divided into four sections: • Basic principles, processes, sampling and analytical aspects: presents an overview including general soil chemistry, soil sampling, analysis, fractionation and speciation. • Long-term issues, impacts and predictive modelling: reviews major sources of metal inputs, the impact on soil ecology, trace element deficient soils and chemical speciation modelling. • Bioavailability, risk assessment and remediation: discusses bioavailability, regulatory limits and cleanup technology for contaminated soils including phytoremediation and trace element immobilization. • Characteristics and behaviour of individual elements Written as an authoritative guide for scientists working in soil science, geochemistry, environmental science and analytical chemistry, the book is also a valuable resource for professionals involved in land management, environmental planning, protection and regulation.

Table of Contents:
1. Introduction Peter S. Hooda 2.Trace Elements: General Soil Chemistry, Principles and Processes Filip M.G. Tack 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Distribution of trace elements in the soil 2.3 Chemical species 2.4 Sorption and desorption 2.5 Precipitation and dissolution 2.6 Mobilisation of trace elements 2.7 Transport 2.8 Plant uptake 2.9 Concluding remarks References 3. Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation Anthony C. Edwards 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Soil sampling 3.3 Errors associated with soil sampling and preparation 3.4. Overview of the current situation 3.5 Scale and variability 3.6 Conclusions References 4. Analysis and Fractionation of Trace Elements in Soils Gijis Du Laing 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Total Analysis 4.3. Fractionation of Trace Elements 4.4. Species-retaining and Species-selective Leaching Techniques 4.5. Equipment for Direct Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil 4.6. Conclusions References 5. Fractionation and Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil Solution Gijis Du Laing 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Soil Solution Sampling, Storage and Filtration 5.3. Particle Size Fractionation 5.4. Liquid-liquid Extraction 5.5. Ion Exchange Resins and Solid Phase Extraction 5.6. Derivatisation Techniques to Create Volatile Species 5.7. Chromatographic Separation of Trace Element Species 5.8. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) 5.9. Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) 5.10. Ion-selective Electrodes 5.11. Donnan Membrane Technique 5.12. Voltammetric Techniques 5.13. Microelectrodes and Microsensors 5.14. Models for Predicting Metal Speciation in Soil Solution 5.15. Conclusions References 6. Long-Term Issues, Impacts And Predictive Modelling Weiping Chen, Andrew C. Chang, Laosheng Wu, Albert L. Page and Bonjun Koo 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biosolids-borne Trace Elements in Soils 6.3 Assessing Availability of Trace Elements in Biosolids-amended Soils 6.4 Long-Term Availability Pool Assessment through a Root Exudates-based Model 6.5 Conclusions References 7. Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants in Soils Samuel P. Stacey, Mike J. McLaughlin and Ganga Hettiarachchi 7.1 Introduction 7.2. Phosphatic Fertilisers 7.3. Micronutrient Fertilisers 7. 4. Long-term Accumulation of Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants 7.5. Trace Elemental Contaminant Transfer to Crops and Grazing Animals 7.6. Conclusions References 8. Trace Metal Exposure and Effects on Soil Dwelling Species and their Communities David J. Spurgeon 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hazards and Consequences of Trace Metal Exposure 8.3. Routes of Exposure, Uptake and Detoxification 8.4. Conclusions References 9. Trace Element Deficient Soils Rainer Schulin, Annette Johnson, and Emmanuel Frossard 9.1 Introduction 9.2. The concept of trace element deficient soils 9.3. Methods to identify and map soil trace element deficiencies 9.4. Soil factors associated with trace element deficiencies 9.5. Treatment of soils deficient in trace elements References 10. Application of Chemical Speciation Modelling to Studies on Toxic Element Behaviour in Soils Les J. Evans, Sarah J. Barabash, David G. Lumsdon and Xueyuan Gu 10.1. Introduction 10.2. The structure of chemical speciation models 10.3. The species/component matrix 10.4. Aqueous Speciation Modeling 10.5. Surface Complexation Modeling to Mineral Surfaces 10.6. Surface Complexation Modelling to Soil Organic Matter 10.7. Discussion References Bioavailability, Risk Assessment and Remediation 11. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements Peter S. Hooda 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Speciation, Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation – Definitions and Concepts 11.3. Bioavailability Assessment Approaches 11.4.Discussion and Conclusions References Bioavailability: Exposure, Dose and Risk Assessment 12. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements Rupert L. Hough 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hazard Identification 12.3. Exposure Assessment 12.4. Dose-Response 12.5. Risk Characterisation 12.6 Assessment of mixtures and disparate risks 12.7 Conclusions References 13. Regulatory Limits for Trace Elements in Soils Graham Merrington, Sohel Saikat and Albania Grosso 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Derivation of regulatory limits for trace elements 13.3. National and international initiatives in setting limit values 13.4. Forward look 13.5. Conclusions 14 Phytoremediation of Soil Trace ElementsRufus L. Chaney, C. Leigh Broadhurst and Tiziana Centofanti 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Nature of soil contamination where phytoextraction may be applied 14.3. Need for metal tolerant hyperaccumulators for practical phytoextraction 14.4. Phytoremediation strategies – applications and limitations 14.5. Phytostabilization of Zn-Pb, Cu, or Ni mine waste or smelter contaminated soils 14.6. Recovery of elements from phytoextraction biomass 14.7. Risks to wildlife during phytoextraction operations? 14.8 Conclusions References 15. Trace Element Immobilization in Soil Using Amendments Jurate Kumpiene 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Soil Amendments for Trace Element Immobilization 15.3 Method Acceptance 15.4 Concluding remarks References Characteristics and Behaviour of Individual Elements 16. Arsenic and Antimony Yuji Arai 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Geogenic Occurrence 16.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 16.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 16.5 Arsenic retention in soils 16.6 Risks from As and Sb in Soils 16.7 Conclusions and Future Research Needs References 17. Cadmium and Zinc Rufus L. Chaney 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Geogenic occurrence and sources of soil contamination 17.3. Chemical behavior in soils 17.4. Plant accumulation of soil Cd and Zn 17.5. Risk implications for Cd in soil amendments 17.6. Plant uptake of Cd and Zn in relation to food-chain Cd risk 17.7. Food-chain Zn issues References 18. Copper and Lead Rupert L. Hough 18.1 Introduction 18.2. Copper 18.3. Lead 18.4. Risks from copper and lead 18.5 Concluding remarks References 19. Chromium, Cobalt and Nickel Yibing Ma and Peter S. Hooda 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Geogenic Occurrences 19.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 19.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 19.5. Environmental and Human Heath Risks 19.6. Concluding Remarks References 20. Manganese and Selenium Zhenli L. He, Jiali Shentu, and Xiao E. Yang 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Concentrations and Sources of Mn and Se in soils 20.3. Chemical Behavior of Mn and Se in soils 20.4. Effects on Plant, Animal and human Health References 21. Tin and Mercury Martin J. Clifford, Gavin M. Hilson and Mark E. Hodson 20.1. Introduction 21.2. Geogenic Occurrence 21.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 21.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 21.5. Risks from Tin and Mercury in Soils References 22. Molybdenum, Silver, Thallium,and Vanadium Les J. Evans and Sarah J. Barabash 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Molybdenum 22.3. Silver 22.4. Thallium 22.5. Vanadium 22.6. Environmental and Human Health Risks References 23. Gold and Uranium Ian D. Pulford 23.1. Introduction 23.2. Geogenic Occurrence 23.3. Soil Contamination 23.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 23.5. Risks from Gold and Uranium in Soils 23.6. Concluding Comments References 24. Platinum Group Elements in Soil F. Zereini and C.L.S. Wiseman 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Sources of PGE in soils 24.3. Emissions, Depositional Behavior and Concentrations in Soils 24.4. Geochemical Behaviour in Soils 24.5. Bioavailability 24.6. Conclusions References

About the Author :
Peter Hooda is Reader in Environmental Soil Science at Kingston University London, UK

Review :
"This book is very suitable for soil scientists involved in soil contamination, but also for research chemists, geochemists, agronomists, environmental scientists, ecotoxicologists, and professionals who deal with contaminated soils." (Anal Bioanal Chem, February 2011)