About the Book
To accommodate the inherent non-linearity and non-stationarity of many natural time series, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) provide an adaptive and efficient method. The HHT is based on the local characteristic time scale of the data. The HHT method provides not only a precise definition in time-frequency representation than the other conventional signal processing methods, but also more physically meaningful interpretation of the underlying dynamic processes. The EMD also works as a filter to extract the variability of signals with different scales and is applicable to non-linear and n- stationary processes. This promising algorithm has been applied in many fields since it was developed, but it has not been applied to hydrological and climatic time series. The discussion in this book starts with several simulated data sets in order to investigate the capability of this method and to compare it to other conventional frequency-domain analysis methods that assume stationarity. Rainfall, streamflow, temperature, wind speed time series and lake temperature data are investigated in this study. The aim of the work is to investigate periodicity, long term oscillations and trends embedded in these data by using HHT. The analysis is performed in both the time and frequency domains. The results from HHT are compared to those from the multi-taper method (MTM) which is based on Fourier Transform of the data.
Table of Contents:
Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) Spectral Analysis.- Hilbert-Huang Spectra Of Simulated Data.- Rainfall Data Analysis.- Streamflow Data Analysis.- Temperature Data Analysis.- Wind Data Analysis.- Lake Temperature Data Analysis.- Conclusions.
About the Author :
I. GENERAL INFORMATION Name: A. Ramachandra Rao Date of Birth: 23 October 1939 Academic Record School Attended Degree Date University of Illinois 1964-68 Ph.D. 1968 University of Minnesota 1962-64 M.S.C.E. 1964 University of Mysore (India) 1956-60 B.E. 1960 1. Professional Experience: Employer Position Date University of Mysore Lecturer in Civil 1960-62 (India) Engineering University of Minnesota Research Assistant 1962-64 University of Illinois Research Assistant 1964-68 Purdue University Visiting Assistant 1968-70 Professor Purdue University Assistant Professor 1970-73 Govt. of New Zealand NRAC Senior Research Fellow 1977-78 Purdue University Associate Professor 1973-80 Purdue University Professor 1980- Construction Engineering Visiting Faculty May-July, 1983 Research Laboratory Member 1983 Purdue University Acting Head, Hydraulics 1983-84 and Systems Engineering Area Indian Institute of Science, Visiting Professor of Jan-July, Bangalore, India Civil Engineering 1989 University of Illinois, Visiting Professor of Jan-May Urbana, IL Civil Engineering 1998 2. Awards, Honors, Citations Awarded a Senior Research Fellowship by the National Research Advisory Council, Government of New Zealand, for research in hydrology with the Ministry of Works and Development during 1977-78. Awarded (but not accepted) a "Senior Scientist Fellowship" by the Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation, West Germany (1977). Awarded (but not accepted) the "C.H. Munro Fellowship" of the Water Research Foundation of Australia, for research in Hydrology, at Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (1977). Honorary Societies Member, Chi Epsilon, Sigma Xi Citations American Men and Women of Science Who's Who in the Midwest Who's Who in Frontier Science and Technology Who's Who in Science and Engineering Who's Who, Environmental Registry Who's Who in the World Who's Who in American Education Invited Activities and Lectures Invited by UNESCO to attend the "International Symposium on Hydrologic Aspects of Droughts", New Delhi, 3-8 December 1979. Member, American Delegation to the XVIII General Assembly, IUGG, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany, August 15-27, 1983. Invited Specialist, IAWPRC Seminar on "Rainfall as the Basis for Urban Runoff Design and Analysis", Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, August 24-26, 1983. Invited lecture, "Detection of Climatic Changes in Hydrologic Time Series". Eighth IHD Endowment Lecture, Anna University, Madras, India, April 13, 1989. Keynote lecture, "Bayesian Unit Hydrographs" International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, Delhi, India, December, 1993. Member, Editorial Board of "Water Science and Technology Library", Kluwer Academic Publishers B.V. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, (1993-99). Editor, "Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering", ASCE, 1992 - 1998. Keynote lecture, "Bayesian Unit Hydrographs" International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, Delhi, India, December, 1993. Founder/honorary member, "Center of Resource Management and Eco-development Studies", I.I.T., Delhi, 1994. Fellow, Indian Association of Hydrologists. "Edmund M. Burke Outstanding Civil Engineering Professor", School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, April 1995. Invited paper, "Principal Component Analysis of Hydrologic Data", A.R. Rao and T.T. Burke, Jr., NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Integrated Approach to Environmental Data Systems", Izmir, Turkey, Sept. 16-20, 1996. Invited to deliver a keynote paper in the International Symposium on "Emerging Trends in Hydrology", Department of Hydrology, University of Roorkee, India, Sept. 25-27, 1997. tssp, Dean Marion B. Scott 1997 Exemplary Character Award, Purdue University. Invited speaker, Int. Conference on Water, Environment, Ecology, Socio-Economics and Health Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Oct. 18-21, 1999. Invited speaker, Int. Conference on Integrated Water Resources Management for Sustainable Development, Roorkee, India, Dec. 2000. Invited speaker, Golden Jubilee Celebration of the Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, July 2001. Keynote Address, "Studies in Regionalization of Watersheds," International Conference on Water and Environment, Bhopal, India, 20 pp., Dec. 15-18, 2003. State and National Offices Chairman of the Engineering Division of the Indiana Academy of Sciences (1978-79) 3. Society Memberships and Activities Member, American Society of Civil Engineers Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science Member, American Geophysical Union Member, International Association for Hydraulic Research National Committee Activity Member, Task Committee on Rainfall-Runoff Quality Data Systems, Urban Water Resources Council, ASCE (1970-71) Member, Task Committee on Effects of Urbanization on Low Flow, Total Runoff, Infiltration and Groundwater Recharge, ASCE (1974-76) Member, Surface Water Hydrology Committee, Hydraulics Division, American Society of Civil Engineers (1979-present) Member, Committee on Surface Water, Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil Engineers (1979-present). Member, Control Group (1982-present), Vice Chairman (1983-84). Chairman (1984-85), Past Chairman (1985-86) Member, Committee on Hydrology, American Meteorological Society (1985-87) Member, Task Committee on Risk, Hydraulics Division, ASCE (1984-85). Member, Task Committee on Infiltration Manual, Surface Water Committee, Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE (1986-present) Member, Control Group, Publications Committee, Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE (1986-present) Member, AGU Committee on Education and Human Resources (1986-1990) Associate Editor, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, (1990-1992) Chairman, Task Committee on Droughts, Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, (1990-1992) Editor, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE (1992-1998) Chairman, Task Committee on Droughts, Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, (1990-1992) Chairman, Task Committee on Engineering Approaches to Coping with Droughts, Water Resources Engineering Division, (1994-1996) Associate Editor, Journal of Irrigation Engineering, ASCE, (1990-1992) Member, Surface Water Hydrology Committee, Water Resources Division, ASCE (1986-present) Chairman, Committee on Publications, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, (1992 - 98) Member, Task Committee on "Role of Run On Effect on Surface and Subsurface Hydrologic Process", ASCE, Surface Water Committee (2005-2008). 4. Consulting Activities 1. Forest Hills Country Club, Richmond, Indiana. Design of Water Main (1969). 2. The Engineers Collaborative, 110 East Ontario Street, Chicago. Hydrologic design and development of control systems for the flood control reservoir on the north branch of the Chicago River, Deerfield, Illinois (1969-71). 3. Tippecanoe County Surveyor's Office, Industrial park drainage study (1971). 4. "Save Newburgh Waterfront Society", Newburgh, Indiana. Effects of lock and dam construction on the Ohio River on the bank erosion at Newburgh, Indiana (1972). 5. Consultant on Storm Water Flow Measurement into Sewage Treatment Plants of Indianapolis; M.D. Wessler & Assoc. Indianapolis, Indiana (1979-80). 6. Consultant to the city of Greencastle, Indiana, on surcharge in sewer systems in Greencastle (1981). 7. Consultant to the State of Indiana, Office of the Attorney General, in the matter of the Boundary dispute between Indiana and Kentucky, 1981. 8. Consultant in the Matter of Amazon Dam Failure, Indiana 1984. 9. Wolf Construction Co., Logansport, IN. 1985. 10. The city of Portage, IN. 1985. 11. "Mary E. Vinton Estates", Lafayette, IN 1986. 12. Frankfort KY, drainage problems, 1987 - 1990. 13. U.S. AID, "Indo-Nepal Water Problems", Patna, India, 1992. II. TEACHING AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 1. Courses Taught (only list from 1998) Year Sem. No. Title Cr. Enrollment 1998-99 1 CE 340 Hydraulics 4 109 1 CE 597I Computational Hydraulics 3 6 2 CE 340 Hydraulics 4 71 1999-00 1 CE 549 Watershed Modeling 3 9 2 CE 340 Hydraulics 3 59 2000-01 1 CE 340 Hydraulics 3 80 1 CE 498 Senior Design 3 70 2 CE 542 Hydrology 3 15 2001-02 1 CE 440 Urban Hydraulics 3 15 1 CE 549 Watershed Modeling 3 12 2 CE 542 Hydrology 3 24 2002-03 1 CE 340 Hydraulics 3 80 2 CE 542 Hydrology 3 27 2003-04 1 CE 641 Statistical Hydrology 3 7 2 CE 542 Hydrology 3 22 2004-05 1 CE 349 Hydraulics 3 80 2 CE 542 Hydrology 3 24 III. RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES PUBLICATIONS I. BOOKS AND BOOK CHAPTERS 1. R.L. Kashyap and A.R. Rao, RUSSIAN Edition of "Dynamic Stochastic Models from Empirical Data" "HAYKA" publishers, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1983. 2. R.L. Kashyap and A.R. Rao, "Dynamic Stochastic Models from Empirical Data", Vol. 122 in the series, "Mathematics in Science and Engineering", Academic Press, New York, NY, 1976, 330 pp. 3. A.R. Rao, "Stochastic Analysis of Thresholds in Hydrologic Time Series", Chapter 9 in "Thresholds in Geomorphology", Ed. D.R. Coates and J.D. Vitek, George Allen and Unwin, Boston, 1980, pp. 179-209. 4. J.W. Delleur and A.R. Rao, "Linear Systems Analysis in Hydrology - The Transform Approach, The Kernal Oscillations and the Effect of Noise", Paper No. 9 in "Systems Approach to Hydrology", Water Resources Publications, Fort Collins, CO, 1971, pp. 116-142. 5. A.R. Rao and K.H. Hamed, "Flood Frequency Analysis", CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., 350 pp. 1999. 6. R.S. Govindaraju and A.R. Rao (eds.), "Artificial Neural Networks in Hydrology", Vol. 36, Water Science and Technology Library, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland, 329 pp. 2000. 7. A. R. Rao, "Surface Water Hydrology", Chapter 31, The Civil Engineering Handbook, pp. 31-1 - 31-29, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., 2003. 8. A.R. Rao, C.B. Burke and T.T. Burke, Jr., "Urban Drainage", Chapter 32, The Civil Engineering Handbook, pp. 31-1 - 32-12, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., 2003. 9. T.T. Burke, Jr., C.B. Burke and A.R. Rao, "Computer Simulation in Hydraulics and Hydrology", Chapter 38, The Civil Engineering Handbook, pp. 38-1 - 38-35, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., 2003. 10. A.R. Rao, K.H. Hamed, and H-L Chen, "Nonstationarities in Hydrologic and Environmental Time Series", Klewer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland, 361 pp. 2003. 11. A. R. Rao and V. V. Srinivas, A Book, "Regionalization of Watersheds - An Approach Based on Cluster Analysis", (Expected 2006). 12. A. R. Rao and En-ching Hsu, A Book, "Hilbert-Huang Transform Hydrologic and Climatic Series", in preparation.
Review :
" I believe Hilbert-Huang Transform Analysis of Hydrological and Environmental Time Series will satisfy researchers in any discipline who analyze nonstationary and/or nonlinear time series. The book does not claim to be a final word on the merits of the HHT, but it does extend empirical claims regarding the potential effectiveness of the HHT. There are no exercises, although the book could be used in a teaching setting.
Overall, I was glad to read the book and believe the HHT is well worth continued study as a potentially effective tool in the challenging area of nonstationary and non-linear time series analysis."
Tom Burr, Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
