Stay ahead of the curve in the rapidly evolving world of portable electronics with this expert guide, which offers a deep dive into the advanced semiconductor materials and low-power design techniques essential for fabricating the next generation of high-performance micro and nano devices.
In the era of smart portable and flexible electronic devices, technology needs to continuously evolve for improved performance. Advanced techniques, efficient computing algorithms, and models help develop efficient solutions at a low cost using low power for these devices. This book provides a detailed discussion of the design techniques, advanced semiconductor materials, fabrication techniques, and applications of efficient micro and nano devices. Expert insights will guide a deep-dive into modern design techniques using the latest tools, software, and simulators in a virtual environment. This guide’s forward-looking approach makes it an essential resource for exploring the challenges and future of sensor design.
Table of Contents:
Preface xv
1 Design of Advanced MOSFET Architectures 1
Remya Jayachandran and Salila Hegde
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 History of Transistors 3
1.2.1 Evolution of Transistors 3
1.2.2 Non-Planar Device Architectures 5
1.3 SOI MOSFET: From Single Gate to Multigate 6
1.4 Current Non-Planar Device Architectures 9
1.4.1 FinFET 9
1.4.1.1 FinFET Advantages 10
1.4.1.2 FinFET Disadvantages 11
1.4.1.3 FinFET in Semiconductor Industries 12
1.4.1.4 Future of FinFET 12
1.4.2 Gaafet 13
1.4.2.1 GAAFET Advantages 14
1.4.2.2 Working of GAAFET 14
1.4.2.3 Advancement in GAA Device Design 15
1.4.2.4 Future of GAAFET 17
1.4.3 Reconfigurable FET (RFET) 17
1.4.3.1 Future of RFET 19
1.4.4 Tunnel FET 19
1.4.4.1 TFET Advantages 19
1.4.4.2 Future of TFET 20
1.5 Applications of Non-Planar Transistors in Analog and Digital Circuits 20
1.5.1 Applications in Digital Circuits 21
1.5.2 Applications in Analog Circuits 21
1.5.3 Design Considerations 21
1.5.4 Challenges and Future Trends 22
1.6 Conclusion 23
References 27
2 Multi Gate MOSFET Architectures 31
Vrinda Gupta, L.G. Naveen Kumar and K.N.S. Santosh
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 About Multi-Gate MOSFETs 35
2.3 Types of Multi-Gate MOSFETs 36
2.3.1 Double-Gate MOSFETs 36
2.3.1.1 Structure of DG MOSFET 37
2.3.1.2 Applications of DG MOSFETs 38
2.3.1.3 Design Challenges of DG MOSFETs 39
2.3.2 Tri-Gate MOSFETs 39
2.3.2.1 Structure of Tri-Gate MOSFET 40
2.3.2.2 Applications of Tri-Gate MOSFETs 41
2.3.2.3 Design Challenges of Tri-Gate MOSFETs 41
2.3.3 Gate-All-Around (GAA) MOSFETs 42
2.3.3.1 Structure of Gate-All-Around (GAA) Mosfet 42
2.3.3.2 Applications of Gate-All-Around (GAA) Mosfet 43
2.3.3.3 Design Challenges of Gate-All-Around (gaa) Mosfet 44
2.3.4 Omega-Gate MOSFET 45
2.3.4.1 Structure of Omega-Gate MOSFET 45
2.3.4.2 Applications of Omega-Gate MOSFET 46
2.3.4.3 Design Challenges of Omega-Gate MOSFET 46
2.4 Advantages of Multi-Gate MOSFETs 47
2.5 Conclusion 48
References 49
3 Design and Comparative Analysis of Hybrid DG-MOSFET with Conventional CMOS Using Visual TCAD 51
Kushagra, Suman Lata Tripathi and Balwinder Raj
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Design Methodology 53
3.3 Device Architecture and Materials Description 54
3.4 Results and Discussion 54
3.4.1 N-Channel DG-MOSFET 54
3.4.2 P-Channel DG-MOSFET 58
3.5 CMOS Compatibility of Proposed n- & p- Channel Dg-mosfet 61
3.6 Hybrid DG-MOSFET 63
3.6.1 Device Simulation on TCAD 63
3.6.2 Hybrid DG-MOSFET Response 63
3.6.3 Electric Field & Potential Plot 67
3.7 Applications & Future Scope 67
3.8 Conclusion 68
Acknowledgement 68
References 69
4 Nano Devices for Comparator Designs 73
Niranjana C., Vineeth Kumar P. K., Jijesh J. J. and Lakshmi Manasa B.
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Experimental Methods and Materials 74
4.2.1 Carbon Nano Tubes 74
4.2.2 Potentials of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 74
4.2.3 Design Considerations of CNTs 75
4.2.4 Experimental Demonstrations for CNTs 76
4.3 Graphene 77
4.3.1 Potentials of Graphene 77
4.3.2 Design Considerations of Graphene 78
4.3.3 Experimental Demonstrations for Graphene 78
4.4 Tunnel Field Effect Transistor 79
4.4.1 Potential of Tunnel Field Effect Transistor 80
4.4.2 Design Considerations of TFET 80
4.4.3 Experimental Demonstrations for TFET 80
4.5 Results and Discussion 81
4.5.1 Performance Parameters of Comparator Circuits 81
4.6 Conclusion 88
References 89
5 Nano Device for SRAM Memory Arrays 91
Akey Sungheetha, Rajesh Sharma R. and Sheila Mahapatra
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Study 93
5.3 Methodology 95
5.3.1 Device Simulation and Modeling 95
5.3.2 Fabrication Techniques 96
5.3.3 SRAM Cell Design and Integration 97
5.3.4 Performance Evaluation 97
5.3.5 Variability and Reliability Analysis 98
5.4 Result and Discussion 99
5.4.1 Performance Comparison 99
5.4.2 Variability and Reliability 102
5.4.3 Scalability and Future Prospects 105
5.4.4 Integration Challenges 105
5.4.5 Economic Considerations 106
5.5 Conclusion 106
Bibliography 106
6 Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) for Simulation of Advanced Transistor Design 109
P. Sivakumar, Shashi Kant Dargar and P. Harikrishnan
6.1 Introduction 110
6.2 Essentials of Device Simulation 111
6.2.1 TCAD: Key Features and Capabilities 111
6.3 Design and Simulation of MOSFET: STEP-BY-STEP 112
6.3.1 Material Selection 112
6.3.2 Structure Definition 113
6.4 Advanced MOSFET Structure Design 114
6.4.1 Simulation of GaN HEMT with Example and Case Studies 116
6.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 122
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
7 FETs for Biomedical Applications: Recent Developments and Prospects for the Future 125
Anbuselvi D., S. GraceInfantiya and D. Bharath
7.1 Introduction 126
7.1.1 Bio-FET and Solid-Liquid Interface 127
7.2 Applications of FET 128
7.2.1 Ion-Sensitive FETs (ISFETs) 128
7.2.2 Influenza 129
7.2.3 Cancer 130
7.2.4 Tear Sensors 132
7.2.5 Cardiovascular Disease (CVDs)/Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 132
7.2.6 Diabetes 133
7.3 Prospects and Difficulties for Bio-FET 133
7.4 Conclusion 134
References 134
8 Efferent Circuit Design and Energy Consumption of Grayto-Binary (G2B) and Binary-to-Gray (B2G) Code Conversion Using QCA Nanoelectronic Technologies 143
Mukesh Patidar, Ankit Jain, Shreyaskumar Patel, Keshav Patidar and Hemanshi Chugh
8.1 Introduction 144
8.2 Literature Work 145
8.3 Synchronization Clocking Operation for Proposed Design 148
8.4 Proposed Design for Nanoelectronic Circuits 148
8.5 Result Analysis and Comparison 150
8.6 Conclusion 156
References 156
9 Asymmetrical Double Gate Junction Less FET 159
Lijin Wilson and Suman Lata Tripathi
9.1 Introduction 160
9.2 Simulated Device Dimensions and Material 161
9.3 Simulated Device Architecture Description 163
9.4 Result and Simulations 167
9.5 Subthreshold Performance 173
9.6 Comparison with Another Technology Node 174
9.7 Applications of Asymmetric Gate DG MOSFET 176
9.8 Conclusion 176
References 177
10 Smart Materials for Semiconductor Devices: Research, Characteristics and Applications 179
Krishan Arora
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 Shrewd Materials 180
10.3 Types of Smart or Keen Materials 181
10.3.1 Shape Memory Combination 181
10.3.1.1 Thermoelectricity 183
10.3.1.2 Pseudoelasticity 183
10.3.1.3 Damping Capacity 184
10.3.2 Piezoelectric Materials 184
10.3.3 Magnetostrictive Materials 184
10.3.4 Chromic Materials 185
10.3.4.1 Photochromic 185
10.3.4.2 Thermochromic 186
10.3.4.3 Piezochromic 186
10.3.5 pH Delicate Materials 186
10.3.6 Magnetorheological and Electrorheological Fluids 187
10.4 Application of Savvy Materials 187
10.4.1 Walking Piezo Lever 187
10.4.2 Aviation Innovation 188
10.4.3 Atomic Businesses Keen Substances 188
10.5 Shrewdly Material 188
10.6 Conclusions 189
References 190
11 Nanotechnology for Energy Applications: Harnessing Nano and Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Energy 195
Harpreet Kaur Channi, Ramandeep Sandhu, Deepika Ghai and Nimisha Singh
11.1 Introduction 196
11.1.1 Overview of Nanotechnology 197
11.1.2 Applications of Nanotechnology 198
11.1.3 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Energy Applications 198
11.1.4 Importance of Sustainable Hybrid Energy Solutions 200
11.2 Need of the Work 201
11.2.1 Nanotechnology in Energy Generation 201
11.2.2 Nanotechnology in Energy Storage 202
11.2.3 AI Optimization in Hybrid Energy Systems 203
11.3 Hybrid Renewable System: Case Study of Rural Region 204
11.3.1 Objectives of the Chapter 204
11.4 Methodology 204
11.4.1 Location Details 206
11.4.2 System Designing and Modeling 209
11.4.3 Main Outcomes of Hybrid Solar-Wind-Battery System 212
11.5 Results and Discussion 218
11.5.1 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability 219
11.5.2 Challenges and Future Directions 220
11.5.3 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations 221
11.6 Conclusion 221
References 222
12 Implementation and Analysis of Various Full Adder Configuration Using Cadence Virtuoso 229
Spoorthi S.P., Bharathi S.H., Shipra Upadhyay and Chaithanya D.J.
12.1 Introduction 230
12.2 Adders 230
12.2.1 Half Adder 230
12.2.2 Full-Adder 231
12.2.3 Ripple Carry Adder 232
12.2.4 Carry Look-Ahead Adder 232
12.2.5 Carry-Save Adder 233
12.2.6 Parallel Prefix Adders 233
12.2.7 Serial Adder 234
12.3 CMOS Implementation of Adders 234
12.3.1 28T Full Adder 234
12.3.2 14T Full Adder 235
12.3.3 20T Full Adder 236
12.3.4 10T Full-Adder 237
12.3.5 8T Full-Adder 237
12.4 Implementation of Full-Adder 28T and 14T 238
12.4.1 Simulation Results 238
12.5 Conclusion 241
Bibliography 242
13 Process Corner Analysis of 4-Bit Look Up Table (LUT) Using 90nm CMOS Technology 243
Talla. Narayana Swami, Shiridi Sravanthi, Suman Lata Tripathi and Yuli Sun Hariyani
13.1 Introduction 244
13.2 Look-Up Table (LUT) 244
13.3 Basic Blocks Used in Design of LUT at 90nm CMOS 246
13.3.1 2X1 Multiplexer 249
13.3.2 D-Flip Flop (DFF) 249
13.3.3 Schematic of 4 Bit-LUT 250
13.3.3.1 Functions Implementation Using 4-Bit Lut 251
13.4 Corner Analysis 252
13.5 Applications 255
13.5.1 Implementation of Digital Logic Functions 255
13.5.2 DSP Processors 256
13.5.3 Signal and Image Processing 256
13.6 Conclusion 256
References 257
14 Designing and Small Signal Analysis of Common Source Amplifier Using GaN Based HEMT 261
Yogesh Kumar Verma
14.1 Introduction 261
14.2 Device Structure 263
14.3 Results and Discussions 265
14.4 Conclusion 269
References 269
15 The 5 th Generation: Major Implementation, Challenges and Massive MIMO Technology 273
Rashmi Roges, Sandeep Sharma and Praveen Kumar Malik
15.1 Introduction 273
15.2 Major Challenges Faced in 5G Implementation 276
15.2.1 Infrastructure 276
15.2.2 Cost 276
15.2.3 Testing of 5G 276
15.2.4 5G Backhaul 278
15.2.5 Security Concerns 279
15.3 Classification of 5G Services 280
15.4 Massive MIMO for 5G 281
15.5 Conclusion 286
References 286
16 Smart Nanomaterials: Revolutionizing Drug Delivery Strategies 289
Jujhaar Singh Aidhen, Arjun Vitthal Chambarge, Chavan Aniket Navnath, Atharv Mohan Patil, Vedant Dnyandev Arjun, Jupinder Kaur and Rajan Vohra
16.1 Introduction 290
16.2 Disease Specific Drug Delivery 292
16.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery 305
16.4 Location Specific Drug Delivery 310
16.5 Future Scope 320
16.6 Conclusion 320
References 321
About the Editors 325
Index 327
About the Author :
Suman Lata Tripathi, PhD is a Professor at Lovely Professional University with more than 22 years of experience in academics and research. She has published more than 125 research papers in refereed science journals, conference proceedings, and e-books, edited and authored more than 27 books, 14 Indian patents, and four copyrights. Her areas of expertise include microelectronics device modeling and characterization, low-power VLSI circuit design, advanced FET design for IoT, and embedded system design.
Vrinda Gupta, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra. She has more than 75 publications in international journals, national and international conferences, and book chapters. Her research interests are in the fields of computer communications, network and information security, wireless communications and networking, embedded systems design, and Internet of Things.
Sobhit Saxena, PhD is a Professor in the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering at Lovely Professional University with more than 14 years of teaching experience. He has published more than 35 research papers in international journals and conferences, two book chapters, and two books, as well as filed three patents. His areas of expertise include nanomaterial synthesis and characterization, and electrochemical analysis.
Shipra Upadhyay, PhD is an Assistant Professor at the Ramaiah Institute of Technology. She has published many papers in peer-reviewed international journals, conferences, and books. Her research interests include, custom analog IC design, field programmable gate array programming, nanoelectronics, and low-power circuit design.
Sudip Ghosh, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the School of VLSI Technology at the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology. He has more than 60 publications in international journals and conferences. His areas of interest include digital image and video watermarking systems design, logic synthesis and verification of digital circuits, VLSI physical design, and VLSI testing.
