Sustainable and Resilient Engineering: Drivers, Metrics, Tools, and Applications

Definitions, methodologies, and current applications of the principles of sustainability and resiliency in all engineering disciplines Sustainable and Resilient Engineering provides a comprehensive exploration of the scientific basis, methodologies, and practical applications of sustainability and resiliency in engineering. With an emphasis on the tri-sectoral dimensions of the economy, environment, and society, as well as an increased emphasis on resilience across these dimensions, this textbook equips readers with the knowledge and expertise to evaluate, design, and enhance engineering solutions across a wide range of fields spanning from civil infrastructure and energy engineering to waste management and land use planning. The text also presents a set of case studies across different engineering disciplines such as bio/chemical, environmental, materials, construction, and infrastructure engineering that demonstrate the practical applicability of sustainability and resiliency assessments for a diverse range of projects. The new edition features updated content on sustainability assessment tools and expands on the critical role of resiliency, emphasizing the interplay between sustainability and resiliency, in engineered systems. The new edition of Sustainable and Resilient Engineering also provides updates on topics including: Climate-resilient engineering basics and assessment methodologies Role of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, remote sensing, robotics, digital twins, and the Internet of Things in achieving sustainability and resiliency Sustainable engineered materials, nature-based solutions, and resource recovery Wastewater treatment as another source for non-potable water use applications Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) concepts and environmental justice Updated pedagogical features include spreadsheet tools, lecture slides, goals/objectives sections, end-of-chapter problem sets, new exercises and examples, and a solutions manual. Sustainable and Resilient Engineering is an excellent up-to-date textbook for introductory and advanced university courses on sustainability and resiliency. It is also valuable as an advanced manual/reference for practitioners and professionals in their design, review, implementation, advisory, or oversight activities.

Table of Contents:
Preface for the Second Edition xix Preface for the First Edition xxi About the Companion Website xxv Section I Drivers, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts, and Resiliency 1 1 Emerging Challenges, Sustainability, Resiliency, and Sustainable and Resilient Engineering 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Emerging Challenges 4 1.2.1 Increased Consumption and Depletion of Natural Resources 4 1.2.1.1 Easter Island Example 4 1.2.1.2 Metallic Ores Consumption Example 5 1.2.2 Growing Environmental Pollution 6 1.2.3 Increasing Population 7 1.2.4 Increasing Waste Generation 9 1.2.5 Increasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 11 1.2.5.1 Climate Change and Extreme Weather Impacts: Hurricane Sandy Example 15 1.2.6 Decline of Ecosystems 16 1.2.7 Loss of Biodiversity 17 1.2.8 Social Injustice 17 1.2.9 Urban Sprawl 19 1.3 The Master Equation or IPAT Equation 20 1.4 What Is Sustainability? 21 1.4.1 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 23 1.4.2 What Is Sustainable Engineering? 27 1.5 What Is Resiliency? 33 1.5.1 What Is Resilient Engineering? 33 1.5.2 Difference Between Resiliency and Sustainability 34 1.6 Integrated Sustainable and Resilient Engineering 35 1.7 Summary 35 1.8 Questions 36 1.9 Problems 37 References 43 2 Environmental Concerns 47 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Global Warming and Climate Change 48 2.2.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 56 2.3 Desertification 57 2.4 Deforestation 59 2.5 Loss of Habitat and Biodiversity 60 2.6 Ozone Layer Depletion 61 2.7 Air Pollution 63 2.8 Smog 65 2.9 Acid Rain 65 2.10 Water Usage and Pollution 68 2.11 Eutrophication 74 2.12 Salinity 74 2.13 Wastes and Disposal 75 2.14 Land Contamination 83 2.15 Visibility 84 2.16 Odors 84 2.17 Aesthetic Degradation 85 2.18 Land Use Patterns 85 2.19 Thermal Pollution 85 2.20 Noise Pollution 86 2.21 Summary 86 2.22 Questions 87 2.23 Problems 88 References 92 3 Social, Economic, and Legal Issues 97 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Social Issues 98 3.2.1 Society 98 3.2.2 Developed and Developing Societies 99 3.2.3 Social Sustainability Concept 100 3.2.4 Social Indicators 100 3.2.5 Social Impact and Social Vulnerability Assessment Framework 102 3.2.6 Social Sustainability Implementation 107 3.2.7 Equity 107 3.2.8 Environmental Justice 107 3.3 Economic Issues 110 3.3.1 Economic Assessment Framework 111 3.3.2 Life Cycle Costing 113 3.3.3 True-cost Accounting 114 3.4 Legal and Governance Issues 115 3.5 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Reporting 116 3.6 Summary 117 3.7 Questions 118 3.8 Problems 118 References 122 4 Availability and Depletion of Natural Resources 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Types and Availability of Resources 126 4.2.1 Fossil Fuels 126 4.2.2 Radioactive Fuels 132 4.2.3 Mineral Resources 132 4.2.4 Water Resources 134 4.2.5 Other Elemental Cycles 136 4.3 Resource Depletion 141 4.3.1 Causes of Resource Depletion 141 4.3.2 Effects of Resource Depletion 142 4.3.3 Overshooting 146 4.3.4 Urban Metabolism 147 4.4 Summary 147 4.5 Questions 148 4.6 Problems 149 References 153 5 Disaster Resiliency 157 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Climate Change and Extreme Events 158 5.2.1 Rising Temperatures 158 5.2.2 Sea Level Rise 160 5.2.3 Extreme Weather Events 160 5.2.4 Droughts and Floods 161 5.2.5 Wildfires 162 5.3 Impacts of Extreme Events 163 5.3.1 Hurricanes, Storms, and Floods 163 5.3.2 Wildfires by Drought and Record Heat 166 5.4 What Is Resiliency? 166 5.5 Initiatives and Policies on Resiliency 172 5.6 Resilient Design of Infrastructure 176 5.7 Resiliency Assessment Framework 178 5.7.1 Technical Resiliency 180 5.7.2 Cascading Impacts of Resiliency 182 5.8 Resilient Infrastructure Examples 184 5.8.1 San Francisco Firehouse Resilient Design 184 5.8.2 San Francisco Resilient CSD Design 184 5.8.3 Resilient Environmental Remediation 188 5.9 Managed Retreat and Cost-Benefits 194 5.10 Soft Infrastructure 194 5.11 Challenges 195 5.12 Summary 195 5.13 Questions 196 5.14 Problems 196 References 199 Section II Sustainability and Resiliency Metrics and Assessment Tools 203 6 Sustainability and Resiliency Indicators, Metrics, and Assessment Tools 205 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Attributes of Sustainability and Resiliency Indicators 206 6.3 Sustainability Indicators 206 6.4 Sustainability Metrics 217 6.5 Sustainability Assessment Tools 219 6.6 Resiliency Indicators 221 6.7 Resiliency Metrics 226 6.8 Resiliency Assessment Tools 228 6.9 Integrated Sustainability and Resilience Assessment Tools 230 6.10 Summary 230 6.11 Questions 231 6.12 Problems 232 References 233 7 Material Flow Analysis and Material Budget 235 7.1 Introduction 235 7.2 Budget of Natural Resources 236 7.3 Constructing a Budget 238 7.4 Material Flow Analysis 238 7.5 Material Flow Analysis: Wastes 242 7.6 National Material Account 245 7.7 Summary 250 7.8 Questions 250 7.9 Problems 251 References 253 8 Carbon Footprint Analysis 255 8.1 Introduction 255 8.2 Global Warming Potential and Carbon Footprint 256 8.3 Measuring Carbon Footprint 257 8.3.1 Define the Scope of Your Inventory 257 8.3.2 Measure Emissions and Establish a Baseline 258 8.3.3 Develop Targets and Strategies to Reduce Emissions 258 8.3.4 Offset Unavoidable Emissions 258 8.3.5 Independent Verification 261 8.4 Standards for Calculating the Carbon Footprint 261 8.5 GHG Inventory: Developments in the United States 262 8.6 USEPA: Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program 262 8.7 Tools for GHG Inventory 262 8.8 Carbon Footprint Case Study 264 8.9 Programs to Mitigate GHG Emissions 270 8.10 Climate Action Plans 272 8.11 Carbon Markets: Credits/Offsets 274 8.12 Summary 274 8.13 Questions 275 8.14 Problems 275 References 276 9 Life Cycle Assessment 279 9.1 Introduction 279 9.2 Life Cycle Assessment 280 9.2.1 Definition and Objective 280 9.2.2 Procedure 281 9.2.3 History 282 9.3 LCA Methodology 284 9.3.1 Goal and Scope Definition 285 9.3.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 286 9.3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 289 9.3.4 Interpretation 294 9.4 LCA Tools and Applications 296 9.5 Summary 299 9.6 Questions 300 9.7 Problems 301 References 303 10 Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment 305 10.1 Introduction 305 10.2 Streamlined LCA (SLCA) 306 10.3 Expanded SLCA 310 10.4 Simple Example of SLCA 312 10.5 Applications of SLCA 318 10.6 Summary 324 10.7 Questions 324 10.8 Problems 324 References 326 11 Economic Input–Output Life Cycle Assessment 327 11.1 Introduction 327 11.2 EIO Model 328 11.3 EIO-LCA 330 11.4 EIO-LCA Model Results 331 11.4.1 Interpretation of Results 331 11.4.2 Uncertainty 331 11.4.3 Other Issues and Considerations 332 11.5 Projects Using the EIO-LCA Model 332 11.6 Conventional LCA versus EIO-LCA 335 11.7 EIO versus Physical Input–Output (PIO) Analysis 337 11.8 Summary 339 11.9 Questions 340 11.10 Problems 340 References 341 12 Environmental Health Risk Assessment 343 12.1 Introduction 343 12.2 Emergence of the Risk Era 344 12.3 Risk Assessment and Management 344 12.3.1 Hazard Identification 345 12.3.2 Dose–Response Assessment 346 12.3.3 Exposure Assessment 347 12.3.4 Risk Characterization 349 12.4 Ecological Risk Assessment 350 12.5 Summary 352 12.6 Questions 352 12.7 Problems 353 References 354 13 Emerging Sustainability and Resiliency Assessment Tools 355 13.1 Introduction 355 13.2 Environmental Assessment Tools/Indicators 355 13.3 Economic Assessment Tools 358 13.3.1 Life-Cycle Costing 358 13.3.2 Cost–Benefit Analysis 359 13.4 Ecosystem Services Valuation Tools 360 13.5 Environmental Justice Tools 361 13.6 Integrated Sustainability Assessment Tools 362 13.7 Integrated Sustainability and Resilience Assessment Tools 364 13.8 Summary 367 13.9 Questions 367 13.10 Problems 368 References 370 Section III Sustainable and Resilient Engineering Practices 373 14 Emerging Technologies for Sustainable and Resilient Engineering 375 14.1 Introduction 375 14.2 Emerging Smart Technologies 376 14.2.1 Big Data and Artificial Intelligence 376 14.2.2 Sensors and Remote-Sensing Technologies (Satellites, UAVs, GIS) 378 14.2.3 3D Printing and Robotics 380 14.2.4 Digital Twinning 380 14.2.5 Internet of Things 382 14.3 Engineered Materials for Circular Economy 383 14.3.1 Recycled Waste Materials 383 14.3.2 Nanomaterials 383 14.4 Resource Conservation in Energy Sector 384 14.4.1 Alternative Energy Sources 384 14.4.2 Innovative Energy Storage Technologies 386 14.5 Nature-Based Solutions 387 14.5.1 Bio-Based Materials 387 14.5.2 Biomimicry 388 14.5.3 Green Infrastructure 389 14.5.4 Synthetic Biology 389 14.6 Summary 389 14.7 Questions 390 14.8 Problems 391 References 391 15 Sustainable and Resilient Energy Engineering 395 15.1 Introduction 395 15.2 Environmental Impacts of Energy Generation 396 15.2.1 Air Emissions 397 15.2.2 Solid Waste Generation 400 15.2.3 Water Resource Use 401 15.2.4 Land Resource Use 401 15.3 Nuclear Energy 401 15.4 Strategies for Clean Energy 403 15.5 Renewable Energy 405 15.5.1 Solar Energy 405 15.5.2 Wind Energy 406 15.5.3 Water Energy 409 15.5.4 Geothermal Energy 410 15.5.5 Biomass Energy 413 15.6 Economic Considerations 416 15.7 Sustainability and Resiliency Considerations 418 15.8 Summary 418 15.9 Questions 420 15.10 Problems 420 References 422 16 Sustainable and Resilient Materials, Waste Management, and Circular Economy 425 16.1 Introduction 425 16.2 Sustainable Materials 426 16.2.1 Eco-design and Green Materials 426 16.2.2 Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) 427 16.2.3 Extended Producer Responsibility 427 16.3 Waste Generation and Problems 428 16.3.1 Types of Waste 429 16.3.2 Nonhazardous Waste 429 16.3.3 Hazardous Waste 429 16.3.4 Effects and Impacts of Waste 430 16.4 Waste Management 430 16.4.1 Pollution Prevention 431 16.4.2 Green Chemistry 432 16.4.3 Waste Minimization 433 16.4.4 Reuse/Recycling 434 16.4.5 Energy Recovery 435 16.4.6 Landfilling 437 16.5 Integrated Waste Management 437 16.6 Sustainable Waste Management 440 16.7 Circular Economy 442 16.8 Resiliency Considerations 443 16.8.1 Resilient Materials 443 16.8.2 Resilient Waste Management 443 16.8.3 Resilient Circular Economy 444 16.9 Summary 444 16.10 Questions 445 16.11 Problems 446 References 447 17 Sustainable and Resilient Buildings 451 17.1 Introduction 451 17.2 Green Building History 452 17.3 Why Build Green? 453 17.4 Green Building Concepts 454 17.4.1 Embodied Carbon and Carbon Neutral Approaches 454 17.5 Components of Green Building 455 17.6 Green Building Rating – LEED 457 17.6.1 LEED Case Study: HBS Tata Hall Executive Education Center 463 17.7 Sustainable Buildings 466 17.8 Resiliency Considerations 466 17.9 Summary 468 17.10 Questions 468 17.11 Problems 469 References 470 18 Sustainable and Resilient Civil Infrastructure 473 18.1 Introduction 473 18.2 Principles of Sustainable Infrastructure 474 18.3 Civil Infrastructure 475 18.4 Envision™: Sustainability Rating of Civil Infrastructure 476 18.4.1 Envision™ Case Study: Berryessa Transit Center 477 18.5 Sustainable Infrastructure Practices 481 18.6 Built-Infrastructure Projects: Examples 484 18.6.1 Transportation Infrastructure Projects 484 18.6.1.1 Sustainable Airports 484 18.6.2 Water and Wastewater Treatment Projects 485 18.6.2.1 Sustainable Water Treatment 485 18.6.2.2 Reuse of Treated Wastewater 486 18.6.3 Stormwater Treatment/Green Infrastructure Projects 486 18.6.3.1 Green Roofs 487 18.6.3.2 Permeable Pavements 487 18.6.3.3 Rainwater Harvesting 488 18.6.3.4 Rain Gardens and Planter Boxes 491 18.6.3.5 Bioswales 491 18.6.3.6 Constructed Wetlands and Tree Canopies 491 18.7 Resiliency Considerations 494 18.8 Summary 494 18.9 Questions 495 18.10 Problems 495 References 496 19 Sustainable and Resilient Land Management 499 19.1 Introduction 499 19.2 Land Management Problems 501 19.3 Contaminated Land Remediation Approach 503 19.4 Green and Sustainable Remediation Technologies 504 19.5 Sustainable Remediation Framework 509 19.6 Sustainable Remediation Indicators, Metrics, and Tools 512 19.7 Case Studies 513 19.8 Land Remediation Challenges and Opportunities 514 19.9 Resiliency Considerations 516 19.10 Summary 516 19.11 Questions 517 19.12 Problems 518 References 519 20 Climate Geoengineering 521 20.1 Introduction 521 20.2 Climate Geoengineering 526 20.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Methods 527 20.3.1 Subsurface Sequestration 527 20.3.2 Surface Sequestration 528 20.3.3 Marine Organism Sequestration 529 20.3.4 Direct Engineered Capture 530 20.4 Solar Radiation Management (SRM) Methods 531 20.4.1 Sulfur Injection 532 20.4.2 Reflectors and Mirrors 534 20.5 Applicability of CDR and SRM 535 20.6 Climate Geoengineering – A Theoretical Framework 536 20.7 Risks and Challenges 536 20.8 Summary 538 20.9 Questions 539 20.10 Problems 539 References 540 Section IV Sustainable and Resilient Engineering Applications 543 21 Sustainable and Resiliency Assessment in Engineering Projects 545 21.1 Introduction 545 21.2 Integrated Sustainability and Resiliency Assessment Framework 546 21.2.1 Resiliency Assessment 546 21.2.2 Sustainability Assessment 549 21.2.2.1 Environmental Sustainability 550 21.2.2.2 Social Sustainability 550 21.2.2.3 Economic Sustainability 551 21.2.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 551 21.3 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment of Water Disinfection Technologies at Stickney Water Reclamation Plant 553 21.3.1 Problem Statement 553 21.3.2 Project Background 554 21.3.2.1 Technical Design of Alternatives 555 21.3.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 558 21.3.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 558 21.3.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 567 21.3.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 574 21.3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 574 21.4 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment to Design and Remediate a Contaminated Site 576 21.4.1 Problem Statement 576 21.4.2 Project Background 577 21.4.2.1 Technical Design of Alternatives 577 21.4.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 581 21.4.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 581 21.4.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 583 21.4.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 591 21.4.4 Lessons Learned 594 21.4.5 Conclusions 594 21.5 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment of Different Alternatives for Typical Highway Pavement 594 21.5.1 Problem Statement 594 21.5.2 Project Background 595 21.5.2.1 Technical Design of Alternatives 595 21.5.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 597 21.5.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 597 21.5.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 598 21.5.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 603 21.5.4 Conclusions 604 21.6 Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment of Community Gardens Versus Hydroponics: Chicago’s Sustainable Food Systems 605 21.6.1 Problem Statement 605 21.6.2 Project Background 605 21.6.2.1 Technical Design of Alternatives 605 21.6.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 606 21.6.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 606 21.6.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 607 21.6.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 615 21.6.4 Lessons Learned 615 21.6.5 Conclusions 616 21.7 Resiliency and Sustainability Evaluation of Green Infrastructure in a Chicago Neighborhood 616 21.7.1 Problem Statement 616 21.7.2 Project Background 617 21.7.2.1 Technical Design 618 21.7.3 Integrated Resiliency and Sustainability Assessment 620 21.7.3.1 Resiliency Assessment 620 21.7.3.2 Sustainability Assessment 621 21.7.3.3 Integrated Resilient Sustainability Index 626 21.7.4 Lessons Learned 626 21.7.5 Conclusions 627 References 628 Index 631