Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves

Enables readers to grasp the fundamentals of applied electromagnetics through a blended pedagogical approach Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves comprehensively covers both fundamentals and advanced topics in applied electromagnetics (EM) for the professional, going above the basic static and dynamic EM field theories that are covered in most undergraduate EM textbooks. The textbook introduces complex topics with illustrations of modern technologies that use the topics, followed by a simple presentation of the basic vector analysis and Maxwell’s equations, supported by many practical examples, math essays, math puzzles, and the most modern technological developments from the websites of prominent technology companies. The textbook includes review questions at the end of each topic to enhance the students’ learning experience and outcomes. It provides the links for multimedia lecture videos and directs students to relevant open sources such as YouTube videos and lecture materials from the prestigious universities of developed and developing nations. The textbook is supported by presentation slides, a solution and instructor’s manual, and MATLAB program downloads. Written by prolific teacher Dr. Karmakar, Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves discusses topics including: Fundamental theories of resonators, optical waveguides and fibers, antennas and antenna arrays, wireless systems, and electromagnetic compatibility Electrostatic field theory and detailed derivations of electromagnetic fundamentals such as electric charges and Coulomb’s law Applications of time-varying electromagnetic fields, covering transmission lines, impedance matching techniques, and waveguides How electromagnetics has impacted our day-to-day life and how we use it in our workplace and on social media Historical anecdotes and evolution of EM theory from its inception to Maxwell and Hertz Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves is an essential reference for researchers, professionals, and policy and decision makers in the fields of electromagnetics, electrical engineering, wireless communications, and defense.

Table of Contents:
Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Emerging Technologies That Use Advanced Electromagnetics 4 1.3 Wireless Mobile Communication Systems 9 1.3.1 Wireless Transceiver 10 1.3.2 Wireless Channel via UPW 14 1.3.3 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 16 1.3.4 Antenna 18 1.3.5 Antenna Array 19 1.3.6 Emi/emc 22 1.4 Modern Pedagogy in Advanced Electromagnetics 26 1.5 Design Project: Wireless Energy Harvester 27 1.6 Conclusion 30 1.7 Questions 30 References 32 2 Vector Analyses 33 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Vector Analysis 35 2.2.1 Scalar and Vector Quantities 35 2.2.2 Static Electromagnetic Field 37 2.2.3 Dynamic Electromagnetic Fields 38 2.2.4 Coordinate Systems 39 2.2.5 General/Curvilinear Coordinate System 40 2.2.6 Rectangular Coordinate System 41 2.2.7 Spherical Coordinate System 42 2.2.8 Cylindrical Coordinate System 46 2.2.9 Dot Product of Vector Quantities 51 2.2.10 Cross Product of Two Vectors 52 2.2.11 Vector Integrations 54 2.3 Vector Operators: Gradient, Divergence and Curl 56 2.3.1 Gradient of a Scalar 57 2.3.2 Divergence of a Vector 58 2.3.3 Curl of a Vector 60 2.4 Divergence Theorem 62 2.5 Stokes’ Theorem 64 2.6 Two Vector Null Identities 66 2.6.1 Remarks 66 2.7 Chapter Summary 67 2.8 Problems 69 Part I Historical Perspective 73 3 Electromagnetism 75 3.1 Introduction to Electromagnetism 75 3.1.1 Maxwell’s Six Experiments 77 3.2 Historical Perspective of Electromagnetic Theory 79 3.3 Time-varying/Dynamic Electromagnetics Field 81 3.3.1 Ohm’s Law 83 3.3.2 Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form 84 3.3.3 Electromagnetic Waves 86 3.4 Discussion of Advanced Electromagnetic Theory 88 3.4.1 The Big Picture 89 3.4.2 Uniform Plane Wave as Wireless Channel 90 3.5 Problems 93 3.5.1 Section I: Historical Perspective of AEM 93 3.5.2 Section III: Magnetostatics 93 4 Electrostatics 99 4.1 Detailed Revision of Electromagnetic Fundamentals 99 4.1.1 Electric Charges and Coulomb Law 99 4.1.2 Application of Electric Charges 103 4.2 Electric Field Intensity 104 4.2.1 Concept of Electric Potential 114 4.2.2 Calculation of Potential 115 4.2.3 Gradient and Equipotential Surface 116 4.2.4 Electric Flux Density 117 4.3 Gauss’ Law 119 4.3.1 Divergence and Point Forms of Gauss Law 121 4.4 Electrostatic Current and Ohm’s Law 122 4.4.1 Types of Electric Currents 122 4.5 Electric Energy and Joule’s Law 127 4.6 Boundary Value Problem and Electrostatic Boundary Conditions 130 4.6.1 Fields on a General Material Interface 130 4.7 Electrostatic Potential Energy 134 4.7.1 Electric Potential Energy of a Capacitor 135 4.8 Summary of Electrostatic Theory 137 4.9 Problems 138 4.9.1 Electrostatic Theory 138 References 147 5 Magnetostatics 149 5.1 Magnetostatic 149 5.1.1 Oersted’s Experiment 152 5.2 Magnetic Flux Density 154 5.3 Ampere’s Circuital Law 156 5.3.1 Point form of Amperes’ Circuital Law: A Few Case Studies 157 5.4 Magnetic Vector Potential 163 5.4.1 Biot–Savart’s Law 166 5.4.2 Magnetic Field Due to Infinite Line Current 170 5.4.3 Magnetic Dipole 172 5.4.4 Comparing Biot–Savart and Ampere’s Circuital Laws 174 5.5 Boundary Conditions of Magnetic Fields 174 5.5.1 Boundary Conditions for Normal Components of B 176 5.6 Boundary Conditions for Tangential Components of H 177 5.7 Magnetic Energy and Inductance 180 5.8 Mutual Inductance 186 5.8.1 Case Study: Cochlear Implant 189 5.9 Duality Between Electric and Magnetic Circuit Quantities 190 5.10 Summary of Chapter 190 5.11 Problems 192 5.11.1 Magnetic Field and Total Flux 192 5.11.2 Lorentz Force 192 5.11.3 Biot–Savart law and Ampere’s law 193 5.11.4 Vector Magnetic Potential and Magnetic Flux 194 5.11.5 Magnetic Boundary Conditions 194 5.11.6 Inductance 195 References 196 6 Time-varying Electromagnetics 197 6.1 Introduction 198 6.2 The Dawn of Time-varying Electromagnetic Field 204 6.3 Maxwell’s Current Continuity Equation 209 6.4 Relaxation Time and Conductivity of Conductor 211 6.5 Displacement Current 212 6.6 Example of Displacement Current 215 6.7 Maxwell’s Equations 217 6.8 Boundary Conditions in Static Electromagnetic Fields 220 6.8.1 Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions 221 6.9 Boundary Conditions of Time-varying Electromagnetic Fields 222 6.10 Non-homogenous Wave Equation for Potential Functions 226 6.11 Retarded Potentials 228 6.12 Homogenous Electromagnetic Wave Equations 229 6.13 Usefulness of Phasor Notation of Field Quantities 232 6.14 Electromagnetic Spectrum 235 6.15 Summary of Time-varying Electromagnetism 237 6.16 Chapter Summary 239 6.17 Problems 240 6.17.1 Faraday’s Law 240 6.17.2 Displacement Current 240 6.17.3 Maxwell’s Equations 241 6.17.4 Retarded Magnetic Potential 243 References 243 7 Uniform Plane Wave 245 7.1 Introduction to Uniform Plane Wave 246 7.2 Fundamental Concept of Wave Propagation 249 7.3 Plane Wave Concept 252 7.4 One-dimensional Wave Equation Concept 259 7.4.1 Exercises 260 7.5 Wave Motion and Wave Front 262 7.6 Phase Velocity of UPW 263 7.7 Wave Impedance 267 7.8 Time Harmonic Field Wave Equations 269 7.8.1 Summary of Propagation Constant 273 7.9 Refractive Index of Medium and Dispersion 274 7.9.1 Summary of Wave Propagation in Lossless Medium 276 7.10 Time Harmonic Wave Solution 277 7.11 Polarisation of UPW 279 7.12 Poynting Theorem 282 7.13 Static Poynting Theorem 287 7.13.1 Poynting Theorem for a Wire 287 7.14 Energy Balance Equation in the Presence of a Generator: In-flux and Out-flow of Power 289 7.15 Time Harmonic Poynting Vector 290 7.16 Application: Doppler Radar 296 7.17 Summary of Chapter 298 7.18 Questions: UPW Propagation 300 7.18.1 UPW Theory 300 7.18.2 Propagation in Dielectric and Lossy Media 301 7.18.3 Polarisation 305 7.18.4 Poynting Theorem 306 7.18.5 Doppler Effect 307 Part II Boundary Value Problems 309 8 Reflection and Transmission of Uniform Plane Wave 311 8.1 Introduction 311 8.2 Electromagnetic Waves Analysis in the Context of Boundary Value Problems 316 8.3 Reflection and Refraction at Plane Surface 319 8.4 Normal Incidence at Dielectric Boundary 321 8.4.1 Calculation of Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 324 8.4.2 Calculation of Electromagnetic Power Density 327 8.5 Concept of Standing Waves 335 8.5.1 Trigonometric Analysis of Standing Wave 337 8.5.2 Time Domain Analysis of Standing Wave 341 8.5.3 Phasor Vector Analysis of Standing Wave 345 8.6 Problems 351 8.6.1 Normal Incidence on Conductor and Applications 351 8.6.2 Normal Incidence from Dielectric to Dielectric 353 8.6.3 Normal incidence from air to lossy dielectric 353 8.6.4 Transmission through multiple layers and applications 355 8.6.5 Normal Incidence on Conductor and Applications 356 8.6.6 Normal Incidence on Arbitrary Medium (Measuring of Dielectric Constant and Relative Permeability) 357 8.6.7 Normal Incidence from Dielectric to Dielectric 358 8.6.8 Normal Incidence from Air to Lossy Dielectric 358 8.6.9 Transmission Through Multiple Layer and Applications 359 Reference 360 9 Propagation in Emerging and Advanced Materials 361 9.1 Introduction 362 9.2 Applications 364 9.3 Normal Incidence on Imperfect Media 367 9.3.1 Normal Incidence on Imperfect Conducting Boundary 367 9.3.2 Normal Incidence on Imperfect Dielectric Boundary 374 9.4 Applications of Normal Incidences on Lossy Dielectric Boundary 377 9.4.1 Microwave Biomedical Engineering 377 9.4.2 RF/Microwave Shielding For EMS Measures 383 9.5 Oblique Incidence in Lossy Medium 386 9.5.1 General Theory of Oblique Incidence from Air to Lossy Medium 387 9.5.2 Oblique Incidence and Propagation in Good Conductor 390 9.5.3 Oblique Incidence and Reflection from Lossy Medium 393 9.5.4 Oblique Incidence: Reflection from Good Conductor 394 9.5.5 Good Conductor to Good Conductor Interface 396 9.5.6 Refraction for Two Conductive Media 400 9.6 Emerging Applications AEM in Precision Agriculture 406 9.6.1 Wireless Sensor 408 9.6.2 Sensor Design 411 9.6.3 Soil Moisture Remote Sensing Radiometer 411 9.7 Summary of Chapter 417 9.8 Problems 418 References 421 10 Electromagnetic Passive Guiding Devices 423 10.1 Introduction 425 10.2 Various Transmission Lines 427 10.2.1 Coaxial Cable 428 10.2.2 Two-wire Transmission Line 428 10.2.3 Parallel Plate Transmission Line 429 10.2.4 Microwave Printed Circuit Transmission Lines 429 10.3 Transmission Line Theory 430 10.3.1 Transmission Line Effect 430 10.3.2 Electromagnetic Theory of Uniform Two-wire Transmission Line 431 10.3.3 Lumped Versus Distributive Element Concepts in Transmission Line 435 10.3.4 Telegraphists’ Equations 437 10.3.5 Generic Wave Equations for Infinitely Long Transmission Line 439 10.3.6 Voltage and Current Wave Equations for Lossless Transmission Line 440 10.3.7 Time Harmonic Voltage and Current Wave Equations of Lossy Transmission Line 441 10.3.8 Distortionless Transmission Line ​ (​ _ ​r ′ ​l ′ ​ = ​ _ ​g ′ ​c ′ ​) ​ 444 10.4 Calculations of Distributive Parameters of Transmission Lines 449 10.4.1 Parallel-plate Transmission Line 450 10.4.2 Two-wire Transmission Line 452 10.4.3 Coaxial Cable 454 10.4.4 Microstrip Transmission Line 456 10.4.5 Stripline 458 10.5 Loaded Transmission Line 460 10.5.1 Definition of Terminated Transmission Line 461 10.5.2 Theory of Terminated Transmission Lines 461 10.5.3 Transmission Line Magic 466 10.5.4 Load Reflection Coefficient 476 10.5.5 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio of Terminated Line 477 10.5.6 Practical Measurement of Unknown Load 480 10.5.7 Power on Loaded Line 483 10.5.8 Summary of Transmission Lines 484 10.6 Smith Chart 485 10.6.1 Derivation of Smith Chart 488 10.6.2 Characteristics of Smith Chart 495 10.6.3 Smith Chart: Points of Interest 496 10.6.4 Standing Wave Pattern, ​V​ max ​ and ​V​ min ​ on Smith Chart 499 10.6.5 Smith Chart as Admittance Chart 500 10.6.6 Input Impedance Calculation Using Smith Chart 502 10.6.7 Lossy Transmission Line Analysis Using the Smith Chart 503 10.6.8 Summary of Smith Chart 504 10.7 Conclusion 505 References 506 11 Electromagnetic Testing Method 507 11.1 Basic Principles 508 11.1.1 Non-destructive Testing 508 11.1.2 Eddy Currents 509 11.1.3 Electromagnetic Induction 509 11.2 History of Electromagnetic Testing 509 11.2.1 Hughes’ EC Test 509 11.2.2 Early Tests for EC and Hysteresis Losses in Electrical Steel Sheets 510 11.2.3 Developments in Electromagnetic Induction Tests 511 11.2.4 Microwave Non-destructive Testing 511 11.3 Who Conducted ET Method? 512 11.3.1 TÜV Rheinland 512 11.3.2 Underwriters Laboratories 513 11.3.3 Sgs 513 11.3.4 Intertek 514 11.4 Standard for ET Method 514 11.4.1 Who Writes This Standard? 514 11.4.2 International Standards 516 11.4.3 Testing Procedures 517 11.4.4 Importance of ET 517 11.5 Type of Standard 517 11.5.1 Basic EMC Publications 517 11.5.2 EMC Product Standards 518 11.5.3 EMC Product Family Standards 518 11.5.4 Generic EMC Standards 519 11.6 Types of ET 520 11.6.1 Eddy Current Testing 520 11.6.2 Remote Field Testing 526 11.6.3 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing 528 11.6.4 Alternating Current Field Measurement 531 References 535 12 Simulation Tools and Artificial Intelligence 537 12.1 Summary 537 12.2 Key Applications of AI in EM Simulation 537 12.3 History of Artificial Intelligence 539 12.4 Functions of AI 539 12.4.1 Introduction 539 12.4.2 AI In Electromagnetism 539 12.5 Antenna Design and Optimisation 541 12.5.1 Optimisation Algorithms 541 12.5.2 Machine Learning 544 12.6 Electromagnetic Simulation and Modelling 546 12.6.1 Optimisation of Design Parameters 546 12.6.2 Speeding Up Simulations 547 12.6.3 Case Studies and Applications 547 12.7 Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility 548 12.7.1 Machine-learning Models 548 12.7.2 Neural Networks 548 12.7.3 Dynamic Optimisation 548 12.7.4 Additional AI Applications in EMI and EMC 550 12.8 Wireless Communication 551 12.8.1 Spectrum Sensing 552 12.8.2 What Can AI Help to Improve These Sensing? 556 12.8.3 Application Scenarios 557 12.8.4 Future Developments 559 12.9 Non-destructive Testing 559 12.9.1 The Role of AI in NDT 559 12.9.2 Challenges of AI Integration in NDT 560 12.10 Radar and Imaging Systems 560 References 563 13 Radio Frequency Sources and Interference 565 13.1 Introduction 565 13.1.1 Purpose and Scope 565 13.1.2 Importance of RF Sources and EMI/EMC in Modern Technology 565 13.1.3 Overview of the Report Structure 566 13.2 Fundamentals of RF Sources 566 13.2.1 Definition and Types of RF Sources 566 13.2.2 Applications of RF Sources in Different Industries 568 13.2.3 Basic Principles of RF Signal Generation 568 13.2.4 Common RF Components and Circuits 569 13.3 Types of RF Sources 569 13.3.1 Oscillators (Crystal, Voltage-controlled, etc.) 569 13.3.2 Role in RF Systems 570 13.3.3 Signal Generators 570 13.3.4 RF Transmitters and Transceivers 571 13.3.5 Solid-state and Tube-based RF Sources 572 13.4 Design and Operation of RF Sources 572 13.4.1 Key Design Considerations (Frequency Stability, Power Output, Modulation) 572 13.4.2 Practical Aspects of RF Source Design 573 13.4.3 Modern Advancements in RF Source Technology 573 13.5 Introduction to EMI/EMC 574 13.5.1 Definition and Significance 574 13.5.2 Regulatory Standards and Compliance 575 13.5.3 Basic Concepts and Terminology 575 13.6 Sources of EMI 576 13.6.1 Natural Sources (Lightning, Solar Flares) 576 13.6.2 Man-made Sources (Electrical Equipment, RF Transmitters) 577 13.6.3 Characteristics and Behaviours of EMI 578 13.7 Effects of EMI 578 13.7.1 Impact on Electronic Devices and Systems 578 13.7.2 Examples of EMI-related Failures and Incidents 579 13.7.3 Importance of Mitigating EMI 579 13.8 EMC Design Principles 579 13.8.1 Design Strategies to Enhance EMC 579 13.8.2 Shielding, Filtering and Grounding Techniques 580 13.8.3 PCB Layout Considerations for EMC 580 13.9 Testing and Measurement for EMI/EMC 581 13.9.1 Methods for EMI/EMC Testing 581 13.9.2 Equipment Used for Measurement (Spectrum Analysers, EMC Chambers) 582 13.9.3 Pre-compliance and Compliance Testing Procedures 582 13.10 Case Studies and Applications 583 13.10.1 Case Studies Highlighting EMI/EMC Challenges and Solutions 583 13.10.2 Applications in Various Industries (Automotive, Aerospace, Telecommunications and Medical Devices) 583 13.11 Future Trends and Technologies 583 13.11.1 Emerging Technologies in RF Sources and EMI/EMC Mitigation 583 13.11.2 The Role of AI and ML in EMI/EMC Analysis 584 13.11.3 Future Challenges and Research Directions 584 13.12 Conclusion 584 13.12.1 Summary of Key Points 584 13.12.2 The Importance of Continued Innovation and Compliance 585 13.12.3 Final Thoughts and Recommendations 585 References 585 14 Deep Space Communications and Positioning 589 14.1 Introduction 589 14.2 The History of NASA’s DSN 590 14.3 The DSN Functional Description 591 14.3.1 What Is DSN? 591 14.3.2 Radiometric Data and the Doppler Effect in Deep Space Communication 592 14.4 Advanced Techniques in Deep Space Navigation 594 14.4.1 Delta Differential One-way Ranging 594 14.4.2 Command Processing and Radiation 595 14.5 Telemetry Operations in the DSN 597 14.5.1 Telemetry Demodulation and Decoding 597 14.5.2 Data Acquisition and Processing 598 14.6 DSN Capabilities and Innovations 600 14.6.1 DSN Performance 600 14.6.2 Deep Space Communications Complexes 601 14.6.3 Types of DSSs 602 14.6.4 Antenna Arraying 603 14.7 Data Types and Handling in the DSN 605 14.7.1 The Seven Data Types of the DSN 605 14.7.2 DSN’s Trace Data Flow 607 14.8 The Role of the DSN in the Apollo Program 609 14.8.1 DSN’s Contribution to Lunar Communication 609 14.8.2 The DSN Wing Concept 610 References 610 Index 615

About the Author :
Nemai Chandra Karmakar, PhD, is the lead researcher at the Monash Microwave, Antenna, RFID and Sensor Laboratory (MMARS) at Monash University, Australia. He received his PhD in Information Technology and Electrical Engineering from the University of Queensland, Australia, in 1999. He is a pioneer in fully printable, chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags and sensors, readers, signal processing, and smart antennas.