The Microprocessor: A Practical Introduction using the Arm Cortex-M0 Processor(Wiley-Arm Professional Computing and Electrical Engineering Series)

Provides a comprehensive introduction to microprocessor architecture and programming concepts, using the Arm® Cortex®-M0 processor as an example The Microprocessor offers a supremely accessible and user-friendly introduction to microprocessor basics: instruction set, the exception model, system architecture and microcontroller programming. Explaining the working principles with simplified models, this first-level book builds the base for all onward courses at intermediate and advanced levels. Filled with exercises that can be executed on the free version of Keil® μVision® MDK without any hardware, the book explains the essential aspects of microprocessor architecture with simple programming examples in assembly and C. By blending conceptual knowledge with practical exercises, the book offers valuable insights that equip readers to engage with real-world applications in the fields of microprocessor architecture and embedded systems.

Table of Contents:
List of Exercises x Preface xiii About This Book xv How to Read This Book xvi Acknowledgements xviii About the Companion Website xix Introduction xxi Chapter 1 Microprocessor System 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Processor 3 1.3 Memory 5 1.4 Memory Devices 7 1.5 Bus 10 1.6 IO Ports 14 1.7 Reset, Clock and Power Management 16 1.8 Overview of Arm Cortex-M0 Processor 17 1.9 Summary 20 Chapter 2 Instruction Set Architecture 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Registers 27 2.3 Instruction Set 28 2.4 Structure of an Instruction 30 2.5 Data-Processing Instructions 33 2.6 Memory-Access Instructions 37 2.7 Program-Control Instructions 43 2.8 Summary 47 Chapter 3 Program Execution 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Program 50 3.3 Inside the CPU 52 3.4 Fetch Unit 55 3.5 Decode Unit 57 3.6 Execution Unit 59 3.7 Instruction Execution 63 3.8 Processor Pipeline 66 3.9 Summary 68 Chapter 4 Assembly Programming 71 4.1 Statements 72 4.2 Labels 73 4.3 Sections 75 4.4 Text Section 77 4.5 Data Sections 84 4.6 Summary 90 Chapter 5 Arithmetic Operations 93 5.1 Arithmetic Instructions 94 5.2 Unsigned Integers 96 5.3 Signed Integers 99 5.4 APSR Flags 101 5.5 Condition Codes 106 5.6 Summary 110 Chapter 6 Bit-Level Operations 113 6.1 Boolean Instructions 114 6.2 Bit Manipulation 116 6.3 Shift Operations 119 6.4 Word-Length Extension 125 6.5 Byte Ordering Instructions 127 6.6 Summary 129 Chapter 7 Load and Store Operations 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Alignment 133 7.3 Endianness 135 7.4 Basic Load and Store Operations 140 7.5 Data Types 142 7.6 Offset Addressing 145 7.7 Summary 153 Chapter 8 Branch and Subroutine 155 8.1 Program-Control Instructions 155 8.2 Branch 156 8.3 Conditional Branch 158 8.4 Indirect Branch 162 8.5 Subroutines 166 8.6 Nested Subroutines 169 8.7 Summary 173 Chapter 9 Stack Operations 175 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 What Is a Stack? 177 9.3 Stack in Cortex-M 0 178 9.4 Stack Operations 180 9.5 Creating a Stack 182 9.6 Using the Stack 185 9.7 Local Variables 190 9.8 Summary 193 Chapter 10 Exceptions 195 10.1 Introduction 196 10.2 Exception Model 198 10.3 Vector Table 200 10.4 Reset 206 10.5 Faults 209 10.6 Exception Stack Frame 211 10.7 Summary 215 Chapter 11 SysTick and Core Interrupts 217 11.1 Introduction 218 11.2 SysTick 218 11.3 SysTick Programming Model 219 11.4 Programming SysTick 222 11.5 Using SysTick 224 11.6 Polling with SysTick 226 11.7 SysTick Interrupts 228 11.8 Interrupt Masking 232 11.9 Non-maskable Interrupt (NMI) 235 11.10 Summary 237 Chapter 12 Introduction to C Programming 239 12.1 Programming Languages 240 12.2 Structure of a C Program 241 12.3 Functions 244 12.4 Data 247 12.5 Header Files 250 12.6 Overview of C Language 257 12.7 Summary 259 Chapter 13 Basic Data Types 263 13.1 Characters and Strings 263 13.2 Integers 268 13.3 Floating-Point Numbers 277 13.4 Floating-Point Operations 280 13.5 Type-Casting 284 13.6 Summary 285 Chapter 14 Functions 289 14.1 Function Calls 290 14.2 Arguments 292 14.3 Local Variables 295 14.4 Conditional Execution 297 14.5 Selection 301 14.6 Loops 305 14.7 Summary 312 Chapter 15 Extended Data Types 315 15.1 Arrays 315 15.2 Structures 319 15.3 Pointers 323 15.4 Arrays and Pointers 327 15.5 Pointer to a Structure 330 15.6 Pointer Arithmetic 332 15.7 Uninitialized Pointers 334 15.8 Summary 339 Chapter 16 Compilation Process 341 16.1 Overview of the Compilation Process 342 16.2 Preprocessing 345 16.3 Compilation 348 16.4 Assembler 354 16.5 Linker 357 16.6 Executable Program 361 16.7 Summary 364 Chapter 17 Microcontroller 367 17.1 Introduction 368 17.2 Block Diagram 369 17.3 Pin Diagram 372 17.4 Reset, Clock and Power Management 373 17.5 Peripheral Interrupts 379 17.6 Peripheral Registers 382 17.7 Peripheral API 387 17.8 Summary 389 Chapter 18 IO Programming 393 18.1 IO Devices 394 18.2 GPIO 396 18.3 Timer 400 18.4 ADC 403 18.5 DAC 407 18.6 UART 410 18.7 Interrupts 414 18.8 Summary 419 Chapter 19 Microprocessor Applications 423 19.1 LED Brightness Controller 424 19.2 Ambient Light Sensor 427 19.3 Energy-Efficient Coding 430 19.4 Temperature Monitoring 433 19.5 Motor Speed Control 435 19.6 Summary 441 Appendix A Programming Environment 443 A.1 Introduction 444 A.2 Keil MDK 446 A.3 Assembly Programming Setup 449 A.4 Writing and Building Assembly Programs 452 A.5 Debugging an Assembly Program 454 A.6 c Programming Setup 458 A.7 Writing and Building C Program 460 A.8 Debugging A C Program 461 A.9 Debugger 464 Appendix B Advanced Topics 467 B.1 System-Control Instructions 467 B.2 OS Support 470 Appendix C Startup Code 475 C.1 OS-Less System 475 C.2 Startup Code 478 C.3 Linker Script File 481 Appendix D AM0 Header Files 483 D.1 Register Header File 483 D.2 AM0 Header File 484 Glossary of Acronyms 487 References 491 Index 493

About the Author :
Darshak S. Vasavada has extensive corporate as well as teaching experience in embedded DSP and multimedia systems. At present, he teaches real-time embedded system design at Robert Bosch Center for Cyber-Physical Systems at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. S. K. Sinha, retired from Department of Electronic Systems Engineering (DESE, earlier known as CEDT), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, set up the first embedded systems lab at CEDT and has helped introduce MTech courses in several colleges in India. At present, he is Chief Architect at Lab To Market Innovations, specializing in reliable IIoT systems. The authors have contributed to several workshops on embedded systems for teachers and students in various colleges, which have been the source of motivation behind this book.