A reader-friendly introduction to reliability analysis and its power systems applications
The subset of probability theory known as reliability theory analyzes the likelihood of failure in a given component or system under given conditions. It is a critical aspect of engineering as it concerns systems of all kinds, not least modern power systems, with their essential role in sustaining the technologies on which modern life relies. Reliability Analysis of Modern Power Systems is a thorough, accessible book introducing the core concepts of reliability theory as they apply to power systems engineering, as well as the advanced technologies currently driving new frontiers in reliability analysis. It is a must-own for anyone looking to understand and improve the systems that power our world.
Readers will also find:
- Detailed discussion of reliability modeling and simulation of composite systems using Typhoon HIL 404
- Reliability assessment of generation systems, transmission systems, distribution systems, and more
- Information on renewable energy integration for more sustainable power grids
Reliability Analysis of Modern Power Systems is ideal for professionals, engineers, and researchers in power system design and reliability engineering, as well as for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in these and related subjects.
Table of Contents:
About the Authors xix
List of Contributors xxi
Foreword xxvii
Preface xxix
Acknowledgments xxxiii
Section 1 Reliability Principles and Applications 1
1 Basic Principles and Scientific Importance of Reliability Theory 3
Aanchal Verma, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Vanitha Bagana, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Basic Concept of Reliability Engineering 4
1.3 Scientific Importance of Reliability in Modern Technology 6
1.4 Basic Concept of Probability Theory 7
1.5 Basic Concepts of System Reliability 9
1.6 Conclusion 17
2 Bayesian Approach for Reliability Evaluation and Remaining Useful Life Prediction 19
Debasis Jana, Suprakash Gupta, and Deepak Kumar
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Bayesian Network 20
2.3 Bayesian Reliability 22
2.4 Application of BN in Reliability and Remaining Useful Life 23
2.5 Dynamic Bayesian Networks 26
2.6 Advantages and Limitations of BN and DBN 27
2.7 Conclusion 28
3 Evaluation of Basic Reliability Indices Using State Enumeration Method 31
Rajesh Arya, Chandrima Roy, Atul Koshti, Ramesh C. Bansal, and Liladhar Arya
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Markov Process 31
3.3 Solution of State Equations 34
3.4 Functions of a Single Component’s Availability and Unavailability 37
3.5 Two-Component State Model and State Probabilities 38
3.6 Three-Component State Transition Diagram 40
3.7 Concept of Frequency and Mean Duration 41
3.8 Frequency of Combined Events 42
3.9 State Enumeration Technique for Obtaining Frequency-Duration (FD) 44
3.10 Conclusion 49
4 Methodologies for Reliability Evaluation of Network 51
Rajesh Arya, Atul Koshti, Aanchal Verma, Baseem Khan, and Liladhar Arya
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Series Network 51
4.3 Parallel Network 53
4.4 Partially Redundant System 56
4.5 Reliability Evaluation of Complex Networks 57
4.6 Determination of Tie-Sets 63
4.7 Method of Obtaining Cut-Set 65
4.8 Multistate Model 66
4.9 Illustrative Examples 68
4.10 Conclusions 72
5 Probabilistic Approach for Standby and Load-Sharing System Reliability Evaluation 75
Rajesh Arya, R. K. Saket, Atul Koshti, Saad Mekhilef, and Pradeep Purey
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Reliability Evaluation Under Ideal Condition 75
5.3 Standby System Reliability Evaluation Under Nonideal Condition 78
5.4 Reliability Evaluation of Load-Sharing System (Endrenyi 1978) 81
5.5 Illustrative Examples 83
5.6 Conclusion 88
Section 2 Reliability-Based Systems Design 91
6 Physical Reliability Methods and Design for System Reliability 93
Smriti Singh, Jyoti Maurya, Eram Taslima, Bharat B. Sagar, and R. K. Saket
6.1 Introduction 93
6.2 Reliability Methods 94
6.3 Design Analysis and Process 105
6.4 Conclusions 110
7 Design for Maintainability and Availability Analysis for System Design 113
Jyoti Maurya, Om P. Bharti, K. S. Anand Kumar, and R. K. Saket
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 Elements of Maintainability 114
7.3 Availability of the Systems 120
7.4 Conclusion 123
8 Genetic Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks in Reliability-Based Design Optimization 125
Heeralal Gargama, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Rajiv Nandan Rai
8.1 Introduction 125
8.2 Reliability-based Design 127
8.3 RBDO Methodology Using PSF and ANNs 134
8.4 Conclusion 137
8.A Evaluation of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness 138
9 Parametric Estimation Models for Minimal and Imperfect Maintenance 143
Rajiv Nandan Rai, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Heeralal Gargama
9.1 Introduction 143
9.2 Maintenance Actions on Maintained Systems 145
9.3 Classifications of Imperfect Maintenance Categories 146
9.4 Parametric Reliability Estimation Models for Maintained Systems 149
9.5 NHPP: Illustrative Example 153
9.6 Generalized Renewal Process 156
9.7 GRP: Illustrative Examples 161
9.8 Conclusion 164
Section 3 Reliability Analysis of Transmission Systems 167
10 Transmission System Reliability Evaluation Including Security 169
Pushpendra Singh, Rajesh Arya, Lakhan Singh Titare, Mohd. Tauseef Khan, and Sharat Chandra Choube
10.1 Introduction 169
10.2 Problem Formulation 171
10.3 Monte Carlo Simulation for Evaluation of the Security Index: With and Without Considering the Absence of Transmission Lines 172
10.4 Evaluation of the Load Flow’s Minimal Eigenvalue Jacobian 174
10.5 Evaluation of Schur’s Inequality 175
10.6 Evaluation of the PSI and the Cut-set Approach 175
10.7 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Assessment of Probabilistic Insecurity 177
10.8 Results and Discussions 178
10.9 Conclusions 190
10.A.1 Data for IEEE six-bus, seven-line test system (100MVA Base) 191
10.A.2 Data for IEEE 14-bus, 20-line system (100MVA Base) 192
10.A.3 Data for IEEE 25-bus, 35 line system (100MVA Base) 194
11 Probabilistic Voltage Security Assessment and Enhancement Using Rescheduling of Reactive Power Control Variables 199
Lakhan Singh Titare, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Liladhar Arya, and Devkaran Sakravdia
11.1 Introduction 199
11.2 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Using Cut-set Technique 201
11.3 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Sensitivity using ANN 202
11.4 Voltage Security Enhancement using a Monovariable Approach 205
11.5 Results and Discussion 206
11.6 Conclusions 214
Section 4 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems 217
12 Modern Aspects of Probabilistic Distributions for Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems 219
Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Aanchal Verma, Jyotsna Ogale, R. K. Saket, and Stuart Galloway
12.1 Introduction 219
12.2 Life Distribution of Power Components: An Overview 220
12.3 Failure Distribution Functions for Reliability Evaluation 227
12.4 Use of Exponential Model to Evaluate Reliability and MTBF 232
12.5 Probabilistic Methods For Reliability Evaluation 233
12.6 Additional Solved Examples 242
12.7 Conclusion 244
13 Reliability Enhancement of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Active Distributed Generations 247
Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Smriti Singh, Rajesh Arya, and Liladhar Arya
13.1 Introduction 247
13.2 Electrical Distribution Reliability Indices: Customer and Energy Based 249
13.3 Defining the Problem 250
13.4 The Flower Pollination Algorithm Overview 253
13.5 Solution Approach 254
13.6 Discussions and Outcomes 258
13.7 Conclusion 261
14 Reliability Enhancement Strategy for Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Reward and Penalty 267
Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Liladhar Arya, and Rajesh Arya
14.1 Introduction 267
14.2 Reward and Penalty System (RPS) 269
14.3 Problem Identification 271
14.4 Rao Algorithms: An Overview 273
14.5 Steps to Solve the Problem 274
14.6 A Discussion of the Findings 274
14.7 Conclusion 281
15 Reliability Analysis of Composite Distribution System Using Frequency Duration Concept 285
Atul Koshti, Eram Taslima, Pradeep Purey, Liladhar Arya, and Sharat C. Choube
15.1 Introduction 285
15.2 Components Modeling in Composite Distribution System (CDS) 286
15.3 Frequency-Duration Concept for Reliability Indices Evaluation 286
15.4 MCS-Based Reliability Indices Evaluation of CDS 288
15.5 Result and Discussion 289
15.6 Illustrative Examples 290
15.7 Conclusions 298
Section 5 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems Integrated With Renewable Energy Systems 301
16 Reliability Assessment of Distribution Systems Integrated with Renewable Energy Systems 303
Sachin Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar
16.1 Introduction 303
16.2 Reliability Functions 305
16.3 Renewable Energy Sources 307
16.4 Optimization and Control 313
16.5 Case Study 315
16.6 Challenges and Future Directions 320
16.7 Conclusion 323
17 Reliability Evaluation and Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Energy Systems for Rural Electrification Using Markov Process 325
Santosh S. Raghuwanshi, Smriti Singh, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Rajesh Arya, and R. K. Saket
17.1 Introduction 325
17.2 Reliability Indices 326
17.3 Markov Process 327
17.4 Reliability of the System 329
17.5 Conclusion 338
18 Probabilistic Distribution and Monte Carlo Approach for Reliability Evaluation of SEIG-Based Micro Hydro Power Generation System 341
Lokesh Varshney, Kanhaiya Kumar, Gautam Singh Dohare, Udaya M. Bhaskara Rao, and Jitendra Singh Shakya
18.1 Introduction 341
18.2 Residual Magnetism in SEIG: Restoration and Loss 342
18.3 Problems with SEIG Excitation Failure in RE Systems 343
18.4 SEIG Tests with Lowest Capacitive Excitation 343
18.5 Rotor Core Magnetization of SEIG Reliability Assessment Using Least Capacitor Score 344
18.6 Discussion and Outcomes 349
18.7 Conclusion 350
19 Reliability and Mean Life Assessment of Solar Panel by Cooling 353
Rahul Agrawal, Jyotsna Ogale, Nga T. T. Nguyen, R. K. Saket, and Joydeep Mitra
19.1 Introduction 353
19.2 Methodology 355
19.3 Reliability Assessment 365
19.4 Probability Density Function 369
19.5 Cumulative Distribution Function 371
19.6 Results 378
19.7 Conclusion 378
20 Reliability Assessment of Different Topologies in Photovoltaic System 381
Laxman Chaudhary, Aanchal Verma, Ramesh C. Bansal, and R. K. Saket
20.1 Introduction 381
20.2 Reliability Modeling of PV Topology 385
20.3 Estimation of Failure Rate 387
20.4 Reliability Estimation Using RBD 388
20.5 Results 400
20.6 Conclusions 405
Section 6 Reliability Analysis of Power Electronics Components and Systems for Modern Power System Applications 409
21 Reliability Evaluation of Power Electronics Converters for Modern Power System Applications 411
Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Sunil K. Singh, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar
21.1 Introduction 411
21.2 Failures in Power Electronics Converters 412
21.3 Estimation and Monitoring of Junction Temperature 414
21.4 Reliability of a Modern Power System 420
21.5 Challenges and Future Directions 424
22 Reliability Assessment of Sub-components of Electric Vehicle for Performance Enhancement Grid Integrated Power System 427
Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Sandeep K. Soni, R. K. Saket, and Dwarkadas P. Kothari
22.1 Introduction 427
22.2 Electric Vehicles and Grid Integration 428
22.3 Sub-components of EVs 431
22.4 Reliability Assessment Techniques in EVs 435
22.5 Evaluation of Distribution Systems Reliability with Integrated EVs 443
22.6 Conclusion 448
23 Reliability Assessment of Multilevel Inverter for Modern Power System Applications 451
Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar
23.1 Introduction 451
23.2 Reliability Assessment Techniques 453
23.3 Types of Multilevel Inverters (MLIs) 456
23.4 Comparative Reliability Assessment of MLIs 463
23.5 Conclusion 464
24 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Circuit for Industrial Power Applications 467
Dhawal Dwivedi, Saumya Singh, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar
24.1 Introduction 467
24.2 Passive Snubber Circuit 468
24.3 Selection of Turn-OFF Snubber 469
24.4 Design of a Discharge-Suppressing RCD Snubber 471
24.5 Simulation Results of RCD Snubber 472
24.6 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Design for Industrial Power Applications 476
24.7 Conclusion 478
25 Reliability Assessment of Power Electronics Devices and Systems for Modern Power Applications 481
Jyoti Maurya, Saumya Singh, Sachin Kumar, P. Sanjeevikumar, and R. K. Saket
25.1 Introduction 481
25.2 Concept of PEDS Reliability in Modern Power System 483
25.3 V-Shape Model-Based Reliability Assessment in PEDS 486
25.4 Converter Reliability Modeling 489
25.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 492
26 Reliability Aspects in the Design and Development of Microgrids 493
Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, R. K. Saket, and D. P. Kothari
26.1 Introduction 493
26.2 Architecture and Operation of Microgrid 494
26.3 Microgrid Control Strategies 496
26.4 Reliability Aspects in Microgrid Planning and Design 499
26.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 504
References 505
Abbreviations 507
Notations 513
Index 525
About the Author :
R. K. Saket, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi (UP), India. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Associate Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, IEEE Access, and the Managing Guest Editor of IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, Computers & Electrical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering (Springer Nature).
P. Sanjeevikumar, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions of Industry Applications, and the Deputy/Subject Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IETE Journal of Research, and FACETS (Canada).
