Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications

The book is essential for anyone eager to understand the transformative potential of 2D nanomaterials in biotechnology and medical science, offering in-depth insights into their unique properties, synthesis methods, and practical applications in an ever-evolving field. Nanotechnology is pivotal in advancing biotechnology and medical science. Nanomaterials, essential components of this technology, showcase unique and superior physicochemical properties when compared to their bulk equivalents. Since the groundbreaking discovery of graphene in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have garnered immense attention for their potential in a wide range of applications across multiple industries including biochemistry, biophysics, and engineering. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications examines the current state and new challenges associated with the development of 2D nanomaterials for biosensing and imaging applications. This volume focuses on the synthesis, processing methods, characterization, properties, and applications of 2D nanomaterials, their nanocomposites or heterostructures for biosensors and imaging devices, and the essential criteria in each specified field. Comparative performance evaluations of various biosensor devices and their advantages and disadvantages for the commercialization of 2D materials-based biosensors are comprehensively covered, giving essential insight into the challenges this technology presents. A handpicked selection of topics and expert contributors from across the globe will make this book an outstanding resource for students and industry professionals looking to explore the potential of these ground-breaking materials. Readers will find the book: Provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, processing, compositions, structure, device design, and various properties of two-dimensional nanomaterials for biosensing and imaging applications; Comprehensively covers 2D materials and their processing techniques, properties, and enhancement for biosensing and imaging applications Explores the coverage of biocompatibility, toxicity concerns, environmental and safety considerations, and legal and commercialization aspects of 2D nanomaterials for biosensing and imaging applications. Audience Graduate, postgraduate, and engineering students, research scholars, and faculty working in materials science, biotechnology, biomedical engineering, biochemistry, and biophysics, as well as material engineers, scientists, and technologists in the electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries.

Table of Contents:
Preface xix 1 Overview of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 1 Ram Sevak Singh, Kalim Deshmukh, Ram Dayal Patidar, Rituraj Dubey and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 2 1.3 MXenes 3 1.4 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride 3 1.5 Black Phosphorus 3 1.6 2D Transition Metals Oxides 4 1.7 2D Metal Organic Frameworks 4 1.8 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks 4 1.9 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides 5 1.10 Layered Silicates 5 1.11 Graphdiyne 6 1.12 Silicene and Germanene 6 1.13 2D Pnictogens 6 2 Electrical, Optical, and Electronic Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 9 Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Richika Ganjoo and Ashish Kumar 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Framework and Composition of 2D Nanomaterials 12 2.3 Classification and Examples of 2D Nanomaterials 15 2.4 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 19 2.5 Conclusion 26 3 Design and Synthesis Methods of 2D Nanomaterials 33 Muhammad Hossein Ashoub and Mahnaz Amiri 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 2D Material Synthesis 35 3.3 Characterization of 2D Materials 42 3.4 Applications of 2D Materials 43 3.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 45 4 Characterization of 2D Nanomaterials using Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches 51 Ashwini Kumar Mishra, Mukesh Pandey, Ganesh Dane, Ankit Jain, Nishi Mody, Pravat Kumar Sahoo and Neha S.L. 4.1 Introduction 52 4.2 Functionalization of 2D-NM 53 4.3 Tribological Properties of 2D-NM 56 4.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 57 4.5 Microscopic Characterization of 2D-NM 68 4.6 Advanced Techniques in 2D-NM Characterization 70 4.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 74 5 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Biosensing and Imaging 81 Binapani Barik, Srikanta Moharana, Shubhashree Das and Swadesh Kumar Pattanik 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Properties of Graphene and Its Derivatives 84 5.3 Electrical Conductivity 84 5.4 Large Surface Area 85 5.5 Thermal Properties 85 5.6 Mechanical Strength 86 5.7 Graphene-Based Biosensors 86 5.8 Functionalization and Bioconjugation 92 5.9 Imaging Applications of Graphene and Graphene Derivatives 93 5.10 Challenges and Future Directions 96 5.11 Conclusion 96 6 Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 103 Chandan Hunsur Ravikumar, K. Pramoda, Kothanahally S. Sharath Kumar, M.B. Sridhara and R. Geetha Balakrishna 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Synthesis of Hexagonal BN and BN QDs 104 6.3 Application of Boron Nitride toward Biosensing and Bioimaging 106 6.4 Bioimaging 112 6.5 Conclusion 115 7 Black Phosphorus for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 121 Pavan S. R. and Ashwini Prabhu 7.1 Introduction 121 7.2 General Properties of Black Phosphorous 122 7.3 Biosensing 123 7.4 Imaging 136 7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 137 8 2D Transition Metal Oxides for Biosensing and Imaging Application 143 Nisha Yadav, Divya Choudhary, Varun Rai, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera and Gyandshwar Kumar Rao 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Types of TMOs 145 8.3 Synthetic Approach of TMOs 146 8.4 Biosensing 149 8.5 Bioimaging 154 8.6 Conclusions and Prospects 158 9 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 165 Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Kamalakanta Behera, Ram Dayal Patidar, Ram Sevak Singh and Varun Rai 9.1 Introduction 166 9.2 Fabrication of 2D TMD-NMs 168 9.3 Types of Biosensors 172 9.4 Applications 173 9.5 Bioimaging Applications 178 9.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 181 10 Two-Dimensional Nanosized Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 185 Vaishnavi Sali, Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao, Srusti Tambe, Ajeet Kumar, Biranchi Narayan Das and Sabya Sachi Das 10.1 Introduction 186 10.2 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 187 10.3 Metal Organic Frameworks: Classification and Characterization 190 10.4 2D-MOFs: Synthesis and Characterization Techniques 196 10.5 2D-MOFs in Imaging/Bioimaging Applications 198 10.6 2D MOFs in Biosensing Applications 199 10.7 2D-MOFs in Clinical Applications 202 10.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 203 11 Exploring Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Advanced Tools for Biosensing and Imaging 213 Kunjal Soni and Rakesh Kumar Ameta 11.1 Introduction 213 11.2 Basic Topology of the COFs to be a Sensor 216 11.3 Recent Advances in COFs in Biosensing and Imaging 216 11.4 Conclusion 239 12 Biosensing and Imaging Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride Materials 245 Abhay Vijay Kotkondawar and Jyotisman Rath 12.1 Introduction 245 12.2 Biosensing Application of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 247 12.3 Bioimaging Applications of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 256 12.4 Conclusion 262 13 2D MXenes for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 269 Sudeepta Baruah, Pallabi Hazarika and Swapnali Hazarika 13.1 Introduction 269 13.2 Synthesis of Mxenes 272 13.3 Properties of MXenes 279 13.4 Applications 284 13.5 Future Aspects and Concluding Remarks 291 14 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 301 Atul Garkal, Shailvi Shah, Lajja Patel, Anam Sami, Mohit Shah, Dhaivat Parikh and Tejal Mehta 14.1 Introduction 302 14.2 Types of Layered Silicates 304 14.3 Layered Silicates Nanocomposites 307 14.4 Structure and Characteristics of Polymer Layered Silicates 309 14.5 Preparation Techniques Utilized for the Synthesis of Nanocomposites 309 14.6 Characterization of Layered Silicates 311 14.7 Layered Silicates for Biosensing and Imaging 312 14.8 Structural Characteristics of Layered Silicates 313 14.9 Surface Modification 313 14.10 Accommodation of Drug Molecules 314 14.11 Layered Silicates as Drug Carrier 315 14.12 Biomedical Applications of Layered Silicates 315 14.13 Conclusion 319 15 Graphdiyne for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 323 Drishti Gupta, Rituraj Dubey, Eslam M. Hamed, Varun Rai, Kamal Nayan Sharma, Ram Dayal Patidar and Kamalakanta Behera 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Fabrication of Graphdiyne 325 15.3 Biosensing Applications 328 15.4 Bioimaging Applications 334 15.5 Future Outlook and Conclusions 339 16 Silicene and Germanene for Biosensing and Imaging Application 347 Jothi Dheivasikamani Abidharini, Biju Reji Souparnika, James Elizabeth, Venkataramanaravi Bavyataa, Ramesh Nivedha, Anandakumar Umamaheswari, Kumar Vignesh, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand 16.1 Introduction 347 16.2 Group IV Elements 348 16.3 Physical Properties 354 16.4 Chemical Properties 355 16.5 Biosensor 356 16.6 Bioimaging 359 16.7 Limitations 367 16.8 Conclusion 367 17 2D Pnictogens for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 375 Arumugam Jananisri, Irudhayaraj Peatrise Geofferina, Ganesh Vishalini, Subramaniam Sridhar, Pachaiyappan Vimalraj, Gunna Suresh Babu Suruthi, Senthil Sujitha, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Meyyazhagan Arun and Arumugam Vijaya Anand 17.1 Introduction 376 17.2 2D Materials 377 17.3 Pnictogens 377 17.4 Characteristics of Pnictogen 378 17.5 Properties of Pnictogens 379 17.6 Production Methods 382 17.7 2D Pnictogen as Biosensors 388 17.8 Applications of 2D Pnictogens in the Biomedical Field 390 17.9 Pnictogens in Imaging Techniques 396 17.10 Toxicity 402 17.11 Conclusion 403 18 Biosensing and Imaging Based on Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials 415 Ramya P. R., Sayanti Halder and Sonu Gandhi 18.1 Introduction 415 18.2 2D Nanomaterials 417 18.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of 2D Nanomaterials 420 18.4 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing 423 18.5 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Bioimaging 430 18.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 440 19 Polymer Nanocomposites of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 449 Anita Prasad Poornima, Talukdar Das Ankur, Palanisamy Priyanga, Ray Amardeep Preethi, Sidhic Nihala, Marudhachalam Kamalesh, Selvarasu Elamathi, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Valan Arasu Mariadhas and Arumugam Vijaya Anand 19.1 Introduction 450 19.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 451 19.3 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 452 19.4 Graphene-Based Fluorescent Biosensors 462 19.5 Selectivity of Graphene-Based Biosensors 463 19.6 2D Nanomaterials Polymer Composites of Biomedical Applications 463 19.7 Carbon Allotrope-Based Nanomaterial Applications in Healthcare Biosensing 464 19.8 Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Healthcare Biosensing 465 19.9 Organic Nanomaterial Applications for Healthcare Biosensing 467 19.10 Conclusion 468 20 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 481 Diksha Singh, Sarita Shaktawat, Ranjana Verma, Kshitij R.B. Singh and Jay Singh 20.1 Introduction 481 20.2 Various Magnificent Assets of Heterostructure-Based 2D Nanomaterials 484 20.3 2D Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing Application 486 20.4 Mxene-Based Heterostructures Nanomaterial for Biosensing 489 20.5 Significance of Chemical and Biological Sensing Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) that are Based on Heterostructures Nanomaterial 490 20.6 Sensitivity-Enhancement Employing a Blue Phosphorus/MoS2 Heterostructure and Zinc Oxide as the Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor 491 20.7 Heterostructures Based on 2D Nanomaterials for Imaging 493 20.8 Biomedical Application 501 20.9 Conclusion and Prospects 503 21 Modeling and Simulations of 2D Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications 511 Monika Srivastava and Anurag Srivastava 21.1 Modeling and Simulations 511 21.2 Classification of Two-Dimensional Materials 514 21.3 Surface Engineering of 2D Materials 518 21.4 Modeling and Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials 520 21.5 Applications of 2D Materials 523 21.6 2D Nanomaterials as Biosensors 523 21.7 Challenges 527 21.8 Potential Future Outlook 528 21.9 Conclusion 529 22 Biocompatibility, Toxicity Concerns, Environmental and Safety Considerations, Legal and Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 535 Shikha Gulati, Lakshita Chhabra and Anoushka Amar 22.1 Introduction 535 22.2 Biocompatibility of 2D Nanomaterials 536 22.3 Biodegradability of 2D Nanomaterials 538 22.4 Layered 2D Nanomaterials 538 22.5 Toxicity Evaluation of 2D Nanomaterials 540 22.6 Interaction of 2D Nanomaterials with the Environment 544 22.7 Legal and Bio-Medical Commercialization Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials 545 22.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 548 References 549 Index 553

About the Author :
Ram Sevak Singh, PhD is a senior associate professor in the Department of Physics at O.P. Jindal University with over 10 years of research experience. He has published over 40 articles in international journals of repute. His research interests include materials science and nanotechnology, surface science, and computational materials science. Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies-Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia with over 18 years of research experience. He has published numerous research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and several book chapters. Additionally, he has edited several books and serves as a reviewer for over 60 internationally reputed journals. His research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of various polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers, including organic, inorganic, and metal oxide nanoparticles, 2D materials such as graphene and its derivatives, and MXenes for various applications. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals and a prolific author and editor of over 150 books. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, and analytical chemistry.