Isolation, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Genes Encoding Starch Synthesizing Enzymes from Grain Amaranth
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Isolation, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Genes Encoding Starch Synthesizing Enzymes from Grain Amaranth

Isolation, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Genes Encoding Starch Synthesizing Enzymes from Grain Amaranth


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About the Book

This dissertation, "Isolation, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Genes Encoding Starch Synthesizing Enzymes From Grain Amaranth" by Bei, Lu, 呂蓓, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of the thesis entitled ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF GENES ENCODING STARCH SYNTHESIZING ENZYMES FROM GRAIN AMARANTH Submitted by Lu Bei for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in January 2006 Amaranth species (Amaranthus) are C4 photosynthetic plants that possess drought resistance and can grow well in saline, alkaline, acidic or poor soil. Grain amaranth (A. cruentus, A. hypochondriacus, or A. caudatus) is a pseudo-cereal which contains a high proportion of starch in the grain, similar in concentration to that in cereal grains. Storage starch is present as highly organized, water insoluble granules, which vary in size in different plants from 1 to 100 m. Amaranth starch has the smallest granules found in nature and typically has very low amylose concentration (7.8%), with some genotypes having almost no amylose (0.2%). The physical properties of the starch suggest that amaranth amylopectin contains a high proportion of short chains, as compared to other plant starches. Therefore, grain amaranth is an ideal system for studying starch biosynthesis, to determine the activity and regulation of key biosynthetic genes that confer unique properties on its starch. In this project, granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), starch soluble synthase (SS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) were identified by immunoassay in A. cruentus. To isolate starch synthesizing genes, a cDNA library was constructed from developing seeds of A. cruentus. The genes (full-length cDNAs) encoding two major starch synthesizing enzymes, A. cruentus starch synthase II (AcSSII) and A. cruentus starch branching enzyme I (AcSBEI), were isolated and identified by cDNA library screening. The deduced amino acid sequence of AcSSII contains a flexible arm, a conserved KTGGL motif, and a KTGGL-like motif, whereas the deduced sequence of AcSBEI consists of a catalytic (β/α)-barrel and four highly conserved regions (HSHAS/GFRFDGVT/AEDVS/AESHDQ). These motifs can also be found in other SSs and SBEs of different higher plants. Southern and northern blotting analyses indicated that AcSSII and AcSBEI are encoded by low-copy genes and highly expressed in the developing seed. In vitro analysis also showed that both AcSSII and AcSBEI are active. The phylogenetic analysis of AcSSII and AcSBEI based on their amino acid sequences showed that the divergence of SSIIs in higher plants proceeded in line with the evolution of monocotyledons from dicotyledons and AcSBEI was placed in family B along with most SBEIs from other higher plants. Both AcSSII and AcSBEI exhibited, respectively, a high sequence similarity to the SSs and SBEs of dicotyledons, even though the starch of grain amaranth is physically similar to cereal starch. Further research is needed to characterize the functionality of AcSSII and AcSBEI to shed light on the mechanism that confers the unusual starch properties on amaranth grains. DOI: 10.5353/th_b3682864 Subjects: Gene expression Amaranths - Genetics Enzymes


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9781374674448
  • Publisher: Open Dissertation Press
  • Publisher Imprint: Open Dissertation Press
  • Height: 279 mm
  • No of Pages: 238
  • Weight: 562 gr
  • ISBN-10: 1374674443
  • Publisher Date: 27 Jan 2017
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: English
  • Spine Width: 13 mm
  • Width: 216 mm


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