An Introduction to Brain and Behavior

This text is a unique inquiry-based introduction to behavioral neuroscience. Each chapter focuses on a central question (i.e., How Does the Nervous System Function?) guiding students through the key concepts. The authors emphasize a distinctive clinical perspective, with examples showing students what happens when common neuronal processes malfunction with real life applications. The book reflects the latest findings at the time of publication on specific disorders including Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, depression and drug dependency, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, glaucoma, and abnormal development related to prenatal experience.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1 What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? CLINICAL FOCUS 1-1 Living with Traumatic Brain Injury 1-1 The Brain in the Twenty-First Century Why Study Brain and Behavior? What Is the Brain? What Is Behavior? 1-2 Theories of Brain and Behavior Aristotle and Mentalism Descartes and Dualism COMPARATIVE FOCUS 1-2 The Speaking Brain Darwin and Materialism EXPERIMENT 1-1 Question: How do parents transmit heritable factors to offspring? Toward Contemporary Perspectives on Consciousness 1-3 Evolution of Brains and of Behavior Origin of Brain Cells and Brains The Basics: Classification of Life Evolution of Nervous Systems in Animals Chordate Brain 1-4 Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior Humans: Members of the Primate Order Australopithecus: Our Distant Ancestor The First Humans Relating Brain Complexity and Behavior COMPARATIVE FOCUS 1-3 The Elephant’s Brain Why the Hominin Brain Became More Complex 1-5 Modern Human Brain Size, Intelligence, and Culture The Significance of Human Brain Size Comparisons The Significance of Human Intelligence The Significance of Human Culture Chapter 2 What Is the Nervous System’s Functional Anatomy? RESEARCH FOCUS 2-1 Agenesis of the Cerebellum 2-1 Overview of Brain Function and Structure Plastic Patterns of Neural Organization Functional Organization of the Nervous System The Brain’s Surface Features The Basics: Finding Your Way Around the Brain CLINICAL FOCUS 2-2 Meningitis and Encephalitis The Brain’s Internal Features CLINICAL FOCUS 2-3 Stroke 2-2 The Conserved Pattern of Nervous System Development Comparative Brain Evolution The Nervous System and Intelligent Behavior EXPERIMENT 2-1 Question: Does intelligent behavior require a vertebrate nervous system organization? 2-3 The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior Spinal Cord Brainstem Forebrain Cerebral Cortex Basal Ganglia 2-4 Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Somatic Nervous System Connections Integrating Spinal Function CLINICAL FOCUS 2-4 Bell Palsy 2-5 Autonomic and Enteric Nervous Systems: Visceral Relations ANS: Regulating Internal Functions ENS: Controlling the Gut 2-6 Ten Principles of Nervous System Function Principle 1: Neuronal Circuits Are the Functional Units of the Nervous System Principle 2: Sensory and Motor Divisions Pervade the Nervous System Principle 3: The CNS Functions on Multiple Levels and Is Organized Hierarchically and in Parallel Principle 4: Many Brain Circuits Are Crossed Principle 5: Brain Functions Are Localized and Distributed Principle 6: The Brain Is Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Principle 7: The Nervous System Works by Juxtaposing Excitation and Inhibition Principle 8: The Brain Divides Sensory Input for Object Recognition and Movement Principle 9: The Nervous System Produces Movement in a Perceptual World the Brain Constructs Principle 10: Neuroplasticity Is the Hallmark of Nervous System Functioning Chapter 3 What Are the Nervous System’s Functional Units? RESEARCH FOCUS 3-1 A Genetic Diagnosis 3-1 Cells of the Nervous System Neurons: The Basis of Information Processing EXPERIMENT 3-1 Question: Can the principles of neural excitation and inhibition control the activity of a simple robot that behaves like a cricket? Classes of Glial Cells CLINICAL FOCUS 3-2 Brain Tumors 3-2 Internal Structure of a Cell The Basics: Chemistry Review The Cell as a Factory Cell Membrane: Barrier and Gatekeeper The Nucleus and Protein Synthesis The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Manufacture Proteins and RNA: The Cell’s Products Golgi Bodies and Microtubules: Protein Packaging and Shipment Crossing the Cell Membrane: Channels, Gates, and Pumps 3-3 Genes, Cells, and Behavior Mendelian Genetics and the Genetic Code Applying Mendel’s Principles CLINICAL FOCUS 3-3 Huntington Disease Genetic Engineering The Epigenetic Code Chapter 4 How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to Transmit Information? 4-1 Searching for Electrical Activity in the Nervous System CLINICAL FOCUS 4-1 Epilepsy Early Clues That Linked Electricity and Neuronal Activity The Basics: Electricity and Electrical Stimulation Tools for Measuring a Neuron’s Electrical Activity How Ion Movement Produces Electrical Charges 4-2 Electrical Activity at the Dendritic and Cell Body Membrane Resting Potential Maintaining the Resting Potential How Neurons Integrate Information Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials EXPERIMENT 4-1 Question: How does stimulating a neuron influence its excitability? Summation of Inputs 4-3 Generation and Propagation of the Action Potential Triggering an Action Potential Role of Voltage-Activated Ion Channels The Versatile Neuron RESEARCH FOCUS 4-3 Optogenetics and Light-Sensitive Ion Channels Action Potentials and Refractory Periods Nerve Impulse Refractory Periods and Nerve Action Saltatory Conduction and the Myelin Sheath CLINICAL FOCUS 4-2 Multiple Sclerosis 4-4 Into the Nervous System and Back Out How Sensory Stimuli Produce Action Potentials How Nerve Impulses Produce Movement CLINICAL FOCUS 4-4 ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Chapter 5 How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? 5-1 A Chemical Message RESEARCH FOCUS 5-1 The Basis of Neural Communication in a Heartbeat EXPERIMENT 5-1 Question: How does a neuron pass on a message? CLINICAL FOCUS 5-2 Parkinson Disease Structure of Synapses Neurotransmission in Five Steps Varieties of Synapses Excitatory and Inhibitory Messages RESEARCH FOCUS 5-3 Dendritic Spines: Small but Mighty Evolution of Complex Neurotransmission Systems 5-2 Varieties of Neurotransmitters and Receptors Four Criteria for Identifying Neurotransmitters Classes of Neurotransmitters CLINICAL FOCUS 5-4 Awakening with L-Dopa Varieties of Receptors 5-3 Neurotransmitter Systems and Behavior Neurotransmission in the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) Dual Activating Systems of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Enteric Nervous System (ENS) Autonomy Four Activating Systems in the Central Nervous System CLINICAL FOCUS 5-5 The Case of the Frozen Addict 5-4 Hormones Hierarchical Control of Hormones Classes and Functions of Hormones Homeostatic Hormones Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids Glucocorticoids and Stress Chapter 6 How Do Drugs Influence Brain and Behavior? 6-1 Principles of Psychopharmacology CLINICAL FOCUS 6-1 Cognitive Enhancement? Drug Routes into the Nervous System Drug Action at Synapses: Agonists and Antagonists An Acetylcholine Synapse: Examples of Drug Action Tolerance EXPERIMENT 6-1 Question: Will the constant consumption of alcohol produce tolerance? Sensitization EXPERIMENT 6-2 Question: Does the injection of a drug always produce the same behavior? 6-2 Psychoactive Drugs Adenosinergic Cholinergic GABAergic CLINICAL FOCUS 6-2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Glutamatergic Dopaminergic RESEARCH FOCUS 6-3 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Serotonergic CLINICAL FOCUS 6-4 Major Depression Opioidergic CLINICAL FOCUS 6-5 The Opioid Overdose Death Epidemic Cannabinergic 6-3 Factors Influencing Individual Responses to Drugs Behavior on Drugs Substance Use Disorder, Withdrawal, and Addiction Risk Factors for Substance Use Disorder Individual and Sex Differences in Substance Use Disorder 6-4 Explaining Substance Use and Misuse Wanting-and-Liking Theory Why Doesn’t Everyone Develop Substance Use Disorder? Issues Related to Treating Substance Use Disorder Can Drugs Cause Brain Damage? CLINICAL FOCUS 6-6 Drug-Induced Psychosis Chapter 7 How Do We Study the Brain’s Structures and Functions? 7-1 Measuring and Manipulating Brain and Behavior RESEARCH FOCUS 7-1 Tuning in to Language Early Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience RESEARCH FOCUS 7-2 Brainbow: Rainbow Neurons EXPERIMENT 7-1 Question: Do hippocampal neurons contribute to memory formation? Methods of Behavioral Neuroscience Manipulating Brain–Behavior Interactions CLINICAL FOCUS 7-3 Brain Organoids and Personalized Medicine 7-2 Measuring the Brain’s Electrical Activity Recording Action Potentials from Single Cells EEG: Recording Graded Potentials from Thousands of Cells Mapping Brain Function with Event-Related Potentials Magnetoencephalography 7-3 Anatomical Imaging Techniques: CT and MRI 7-4 Functional Brain Imaging Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Optical Tomography Positron Emission Tomography 7-5 Chemical and Genetic Measures of Brain and Behavior Measuring Brain Chemistry Measuring Genes in Brain and Behavior Epigenetics: Measuring Gene Expression 7-6 Comparing Neuroscience Research Methods 7-7 Computational Neuroscience and Deep Learning 7-8 Ethical Considerations Neuroethics Using Nonhuman Species in Brain-Behavior Research Chapter 8 How Does the Nervous System Develop and Adapt? 8-1 Three Perspectives on Brain Development RESEARCH FOCUS 8-1 Linking Socioeconomic Status to Cortical Development Correlating Emerging Brain Structures with Emerging Behaviors Correlating Emerging Behaviors with Neural Maturation Identifying Influences on Brain and Behavior 8-2 Neurobiology of Development Gross Development of the Human Nervous System Origins of Neurons and Glia Neuronal Growth and Development CLINICAL FOCUS 8-2 Autism Spectrum Disorder Glial Development Unique Aspects of Frontal Lobe Development 8-3 Using Emerging Behaviors to Infer Neural Maturation Motor Behaviors Language Development Development of Problem-Solving Ability EXPERIMENT 8-1 Question: In what sequence do the forebrain structures required for learning and memory mature? A Caution about Linking Correlation to Causation 8-4 Brain Development and the Environment Experience and Cortical Organization RESEARCH FOCUS 8-3 Keeping Brains Young by Making Music Environmental Influences on the Pace of Brain Development Experience and Neural Connectivity Critical Periods for Experience and Brain Development Gut Bacteria and Brain Development 8-5 Abnormal Experience and Brain Development Aversive Experience and Brain Development CLINICAL FOCUS 8-4 Romanian Orphans Injury and Brain Development Other Sources of Abnormal Brain Development CLINICAL FOCUS 8-5 Schizophrenia Developmental Disability How Do Any of Us Develop a Normal Brain? Chapter 9 How Do We Sense, Perceive, and See the World? 9-1 Nature of Sensation and Perception CLINICAL FOCUS 9-1 Migraines and a Case of Blindsight Sensory Receptors Neural Relays Sensory Coding and Representation Perception 9-2 The Visual System’s Functional Anatomy Structure of the Retina The Basics: Visible Light and the Structure of the Eye Photoreceptors CLINICAL FOCUS 9-2 Visual Illuminance Types of Retinal Neurons CLINICAL FOCUS 9-3 Glaucoma Visual Pathways Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams 9-3 Location in the Visual World Coding Location in the Retina Location in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Region V1 Visual Corpus Callosum 9-4 Neuronal Activity Seeing Shape Seeing Color RESEARCH FOCUS 9-4 Color-Deficient Vision Neuronal Activity in the Dorsal Stream 9-5 The Visual Brain in Action Injury to the Visual Pathway Leading to the Cortex Injury to the What Pathway Injury to the How Pathway 9-6 Plasticity in the Visual Pathways Chapter 10 How Do We Hear, Speak, and Make Music? 10-1 Sound Waves: Stimulus for Audition RESEARCH FOCUS 10-1 Evolution of Music and Language Physical Properties of Sound Waves CLINICAL FOCUS 10-2 Tinnitus Perception of Sound Properties of Spoken Language and Music as Sounds 10-2 Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System Structure of the Ear Auditory Receptors RESEARCH FOCUS 10-3 Otoacoustic Emissions Pathways to the Auditory Cortex RESEARCH FOCUS 10-4 Seeing with Sound Auditory Cortex 10-3 Neural Activity and Hearing Hearing Pitch CLINICAL FOCUS 10-5 Cochlear Implant in a Deaf Child Detecting Loudness Detecting Location Detecting Patterns in Sound 10-4 Anatomy of Language and Music Processing Language Processing Music RESEARCH FOCUS 10-6 The Brain’s Music System 10-5 Auditory Communication in Nonhuman Species Birdsong Whale Songs Chapter 11 How Does the Nervous System Respond to Stimulation and Produce Movement? 11-1 Hierarchical and Parallel Movement Control RESEARCH FOCUS 11-1 Neuroprosthetics The Basics: Relating the Somatosensory and Motor Systems Forebrain: Initiating Movement Brainstem: Species-Typical Movement EXPERIMENT 11-1 Question: What are the effects of brainstem stimulation under different conditions? CLINICAL FOCUS 11-2 Cerebral Palsy Spinal Cord: Executing Movement 11-2 Motor System Organization Motor Cortex Mapping the Motor Cortex Motor Cortex and Skilled Movement EXPERIMENT 11-2 Question: How does the motor cortex take part in the control of movement? Plasticity in the Motor Cortex EXPERIMENT 11-3 Question: What is the effect of rehabilitation on the cortical representation of the forelimb after brain damage? Corticospinal Tracts Motor Neurons Control of Muscles 11-3 Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Movement Basal Ganglia and the Force of Movement CLINICAL FOCUS 11-3 Tourette Syndrome Cerebellum and Movement Skill EXPERIMENT 11-4 Question: Does the cerebellum help make adjustments required to keep movements accurate? 11-4 Somatosensory System Receptors and Pathways Somatosensory Receptors and Perception Posterior Root Ganglion Neurons Somatosensory Pathways to the Brain Spinal Reflexes Feeling and Treating Pain RESEARCH FOCUS 11-4 Phantom Limb Pain Vestibular System and Balance 11-5 Exploring the Somatosensory Cortex Somatosensory Body Map RESEARCH FOCUS 11-5 Tickling Secondary Somatosensory Cortex Effects of Somatosensory Cortex Damage Somatosensory Cortex and the Hierarchy and Parallel Control of Movement Chapter 12 What Causes Emotional and Motivated Behavior? 12-1 Identifying the Causes of Behavior RESEARCH FOCUS 12-1 The Pain of Rejection Behavior for Brain Maintenance Neural Circuits and Behavior Evolutionary Influences on Behavior Environmental Influences on Behavior 12-2 Neuroanatomy of Motivated Behavior Regulatory and Nonregulatory Behavior Activities of the Hypothalamic Circuit 12-3 The Role of the Chemical Senses in Motivated Behavior Olfaction Gustation Impairments in the Chemical Sense and Behavior 12-4 Control of Regulatory Behavior Controlling Eating EXPERIMENT 12-1 Question: Does the hypothalamus play a role in eating? CLINICAL FOCUS 12-2 Diets and Rhythms Controlling Drinking 12-5 Sexual Differences and Sexual Behavior Sexual Differentiation of the Brain RESEARCH FOCUS 12-3 The Brain Gender Continuum Effects of Sex Hormones on the Brain CLINICAL FOCUS 12-4 Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and the Androgenital Syndrome Neural Control of Sexual Behavior Sexual Orientation, Sexual Identity, and Brain Organization Cognitive Influences on Sexual Behavior 12-6 The Neural Control of Emotion Theories of Emotion Emotion and the Limbic Circuit CLINICAL FOCUS 12-5 Agenesis of the Frontal Lobes 12-7 Reward The Reward System Mapping Pleasure in the Brain Pleasure Electrodes? Chapter 13 Why Do We Sleep and Dream? 13-1 A Clock for All Seasons CLINICAL FOCUS 13-1 Doing the Right Thing at the Right Time Biological Rhythms The Origin of Biorhythms EXPERIMENT 13-1 Question: Is plant movement exogenous or endogenous? Free-Running Rhythms Zeitgebers CLINICAL FOCUS 13-2 Seasonal Affective Disorder 13-2 The Suprachiasmatic Biological Clock Suprachiasmatic Rhythms Keeping Time RESEARCH FOCUS 13-3 Synchronizing Biorhythms at the Molecular Level Pacemaking Circadian Rhythms Pacemaking Circannual Rhythms Chronotypes Rhythms of Cognitive and Emotional Behavior 13-3 Sleep Stages and Dreaming Measuring How Long We Sleep Measuring Sleep Stages of Waking and Sleeping A Typical Night’s Sleep Contrasting N-Sleep and R-Sleep Dreaming What We Dream About 13-4 What Does Sleep Accomplish? Sleep as a Biological Adaptation Sleep as a Restorative Process Sleep for Memory Storage Brain Events During Memory Storage 13-5 The Neural Bases of Sleep Reticular Activating System and Sleep Neural Basis of R-Sleep 13-6 Disorders of Sleep Insomnia: Inability to Sleep Hypersomnia: Inability to Stay Awake Breathing Disorders Parasomnias Cataplexy CLINICAL FOCUS 13-4 Orexin Sleep-Related Movement Disorder 13-7 What Does Sleep Tell Us about the Brain? Chapter 14 How Do We Learn and Remember? 14-1 Connecting Learning and Memory CLINICAL FOCUS 14-1 Remediating Dyslexia Studying Learning and Memory in the Laboratory EXPERIMENT 14-1 Question: Does an animal learn the association between emotional experience and environmental stimuli? Two Categories of Memory What Makes Explicit and Implicit Memory Different? What Is Special about Personal Memories? 14-2 Dissociating Memory Circuits Disrupting Explicit Memory CLINICAL FOCUS 14-2 Patient Boswell’s Amnesia Disrupting Implicit Memory 14-3 Neural Systems Underlying Explicit and Implicit Memories Neural Circuit for Explicit Memories CLINICAL FOCUS 14-3 Alzheimer Disease CLINICAL FOCUS 14-4 Korsakoff Syndrome Consolidation of Explicit Memories Neural Circuit for Implicit Memories Neural Circuit for Emotional Memories Evolution of Memory Systems 14-4 Structural Basis of Brain Plasticity Habituation and Sensitization in Aplysia EXPERIMENT 14-2 Question: What happens to the gill response after repeated stimulation? EXPERIMENT 14-3 Question: What happens to the gill response in sensitization? Long-Term Potentiation Measuring Synaptic Change Enriched Experience and Plasticity Sensory or Motor Training and Plasticity EXPERIMENT 14-4 Question: Does the learning of a fine motor skill alter the cortical motor map? RESEARCH FOCUS 14-5 Movement, Learning, and Neuroplasticity Epigenetics of Memory Plasticity, Hormones, Trophic Factors, and Drugs EXPERIMENT 14-5 Question: What effect do repeated doses of amphetamine, a psychomotor stimulant, have on neurons? Some Guiding Principles of Brain Plasticity 14-5 Recovery from Brain Injury Donna’s Experience with Traumatic Brain Injury Chapter 15 How Does the Brain Think? 15-1 The Nature of Thought RESEARCH FOCUS 15-1 Split Brain Characteristics of Human Thought Neural Units of Thought COMPARATIVE FOCUS 15-2 Animal Intelligence EXPERIMENT 15-1 Question: How do individual neurons mediate cognitive activity? 15-2 Cognition and the Association Cortex Knowledge about Objects Multisensory Integration Spatial Cognition Attention Planning and Executing Functioning Imitation and Understanding 15-3 Expanding Frontiers of Cognitive Neuroscience Mapping the Brain CLINICAL FOCUS 15-3 Neuropsychological Assessment Mapping the Brain Cognition and the Cerebellum Social Neuroscience Neuroeconomics 15-4 Cerebral Asymmetry in Thinking Anatomical Asymmetry Functional Asymmetry in Neurological Patients Functional Asymmetry in the Healthy Brain Functional Asymmetry in the Split Brain EXPERIMENT 15-2 Question: Will severing the corpus callosum affect the way in which the brain responds? EXPERIMENT 15-3 (A) Question: How can the right hemisphere of a split-brain patient show that it knows information? (B) Question: What happens if both hemispheres are asked to respond to competing information? Explaining Cerebral Asymmetry Left Hemisphere, Language, and Thought 15-5 Variations in Cognitive Organization Sex Differences in Cognitive Organization Handedness and Cognitive Organization CLINICAL FOCUS 15-4 Sodium Amobarbital Test Synesthesia 15-6 Intelligence Concept of General Intelligence Divergent and Convergent Intelligence Intelligence, Heredity, Epigenetics, and the Synapse How Smart Brains Differ 15-7 Consciousness Why Are We Conscious? EXPERIMENT 15-4 Question: Can people alter their movements without conscious awareness? What Is the Neural Basis of Consciousness? Chapter 16 What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves? 16-1 Multidisciplinary Contributions to Brain and Behavior RESEARCH FOCUS 16-1 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Neuroscience Behavioral Disorders 16-2 Psychiatric Disorders Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Mood Disorders RESEARCH FOCUS 16-2 Antidepressant Action and Brain Repair 16-3 Neurological Disorders Traumatic Brain Injury CLINICAL FOCUS 16-3 Concussion Stroke CLINICAL FOCUS 16-4 Cerebral Aneurysms Epilepsy Multiple Sclerosis Neurocognitive Disorders Treatments for Neurocognitive Disorders RESEARCH FOCUS 16-5 Treating Behavioral Disorders with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 16-4 Research Challenges Organizational Complexity Systemic Complexity Neuronal Plasticity Compensatory Plasticity Technological Resolution Modeling Simplicity Modeling Limitations 16-5 Posttraumatic Growth and Apathy