Practical Argument: Short Edition

Table of Contents:
CONTENTS *New to this edition Preface  Disciplinary Contents  PART  1 Understanding Argument  An Introduction to Argument  Why Instructors Assign Argument [box]  Defining Argument  What Kinds of Statements Are Not Debatable? [box]  Arguments in Real Life  Winning and Losing Arguments  The Rhetorical Situation  Considering the Writer  Considering the Purpose  Considering the Audience  Considering the Question  Considering the Context  Logos, Pathos, and Ethos  The Appeal to Reason (Logos)  Logos in Action  The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos)  Pathos in Action  The Appeal to Authority (Ethos)  Ethos in Action  The Rhetorical Triangle   CHAPTER 1  The Four Pillars of Argument  AT ISSUE Is a College Education Worth the Money?  The Elements of Argument  Thesis Statement  Evidence  Refutation  Concluding Statement  → CHECKLIST: DOES YOUR ARGUMENT STAND UP?  NIA TUCKSON, Why Foreign-Language Study Should Be Required [student essay]  ANDY KESSLER, Learn a Language, But Not a Human One  READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE  Is a College Education Worth the Money?  ELLEN RUPPEL SHELL, College May Not Be Worth It Anymore  MARTY NEMKO, We Send Too Many Students to College  *DANIEL RIVERA-IBARRA, Paying It Forward Makes Higher Ed Worth the Price  JENNIE LE, What Does It Mean to Be a College Grad?  *EMMA WHITFORD, Not All Americans Think College Is Worth It   BRYAN CAPLAN, The World Might Be Better Off without College for Everyone  *HUNTER RAWLINGS, College Is Not a Commodity: Stop Treating It Like One   → TEMPLATE FOR STRUCTURING AN ARGUMENT  PART  2 Reading and Responding to Arguments   CHAPTER 2 Thinking and Reading Critically  AT ISSUE Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything?  Thinking Critically  Using Critical-Thinking Skills [box]  Reading Critically and Actively  Guidelines for Reading Critically [box]  Previewing  Close Reading  Comprehension Clues [box]  JOHN TIERNEY, The Reign of Recycling  Highlighting  Suggestions for Highlighting [box]  LOS ANGELES TIMES EDITORIAL BOARD, It’s Time to Phase Out Single-Use Plastic  Annotating  → CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR ANNOTATING  *JOHN VIDAL, The Solution to the Plastic Waste Crisis? It’s Not Recycling   JENNY LUNA, We Are So Forked  Writing a Critical Response  → CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL READING  NEENA THOMASON, Response to “It’s Time to Phase Out All Single-Use Plastic” [student response]  → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A CRITICAL RESPONSE   CHAPTER 3 Reading and Responding to Visual Arguments  AT ISSUE Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything? (continued)  Visuals versus Visual Arguments [box]  Reading Visual Arguments  Comprehension Clues [box]  National Geographic Cover [visual]  Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos [box]  Recycling Bar Graph [graph]  *Keep Disposable Face Masks and Gloves Out of Our Waterways! [advertisement]  Recycling Cartoon [cartoon]  Waste Pie Chart [chart]  *Recycle Right! [infographic]  *One-Third of Plastic Packaging Escapes Recycling Systems [advertisement]  Highlighting and Annotating Visual Arguments  What Goes in the Ocean Goes in You [advertisement]  Responding Critically to Visual Arguments  → CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTS  GABRIEL DUNN, Response to “What Goes in the Ocean Goes in You” [student response]  → TEMPLATE FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTS   CHAPTER 4  Writing a Rhetorical Analysis  AT ISSUE Does It Make Sense to Shop Ethically?  What Is a Rhetorical Analysis?  Overview: “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King Jr. [box]  Considering the Rhetorical Situation  Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation [box]  The Writer  Analyzing the Writer [box]  The Writer’s Purpose  Analyzing the Writer’s Purpose [box]  The Writer’s Audience  Analyzing the Writer’s Audience [box]  The Question  Analyzing the Question [box]  The Context  Analyzing the Context [box]  Considering the Means of Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos  The Appeal to Reason (Logos)  The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos)  The Appeal to Authority (Ethos)  Considering the Writer’s Rhetorical Strategies  Thesis  Organization  Evidence  Stylistic Techniques  Assessing the Argument  → CHECKLIST: PREPARING TO WRITE A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS  Sample Rhetorical Analysis  DANA THOMAS, Terror’s Purse Strings  DENIZ BILGUTAY, A Powerful Call to Action [student essay]  RAJEEV RAVISANKAR, Sweatshop Oppression  → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS  JEROME SIEGER, Sweatshops Are Good   CHAPTER 5  Understanding Logic and Recognizing Logical Fallacies  AT ISSUE How Free Should Free Speech Be?  What Is Deductive Reasoning?  Constructing Sound Syllogisms  Syllogism with an Illogical Middle Term  Syllogism with a Key Term Whose Meaning Shifts  Syllogism with Negative Premise  Recognizing Enthymemes  Bumper-Sticker Thinking [box]  Writing Deductive Arguments  CRYSTAL SANCHEZ, College Should Be for Everyone [student essay]  What Is Inductive Reasoning?  Reaching Inductive Conclusions [box]  Making Inferences  Constructing Strong Inductive Arguments  Generalization Too Broad  Atypical Evidence  Irrelevant Evidence  Exceptions to the Rule  Writing Inductive Arguments  *IAN AYRES, Until I’m Told Otherwise, I Prefer to Call You “They”  Recognizing Logical Fallacies  Begging the Question  Circular Reasoning  Weak Analogy  Ad Hominem Fallacy (Personal Attack)  Creating a Straw Man  Hasty or Sweeping Generalization (Jumping to a Conclusion)  Either/Or Fallacy (False Dilemma)  Equivocation  Red Herring  Slippery Slope  You Also (Tu Quoque)  Appeal to Doubtful Authority  Misuse of Statistics  Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (After This, Therefore Because of This)  Non Sequitur (It Does Not Follow)  Bandwagon Fallacy  PATRICK J. BUCHANAN, Immigration Time-Out  READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE  How Free Should Free Speech Be?   *ARIZONA BAR FOUNDATION, Freedom of Speech: What It Is and What It Isn’t  AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS, On Freedom of Expression and Campus Speech Codes  *SARA LAVENDUSKI, “Free Speech” Comes with a Price   *PRAVEEN NAIR, Social Media Bans Are about More Than Just Free Speech  *TYLER WATKINS, How Free Should Free Speech Be?  Visual Argument: Football Players Kneeling [photograph]  → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT  → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT   CHAPTER 6  Rogerian Argument, Toulmin Logic, and Oral Arguments  *AT ISSUE Why Aren’t STEM Fields More Diverse?  Understanding Rogerian Argument  Structuring Rogerian Arguments  Writing Rogerian Arguments  ZOYA KAHN, Why Cell Phones Do Not Belong in the Classroom [student essay]  Understanding Toulmin Logic  Constructing Toulmin Arguments  Writing Toulmin Arguments  JEN DAVIS, Competitive Cheerleaders Are Athletes [student essay]  Understanding Oral Arguments  Planning an Oral Argument  → CHECKLIST: DESIGNING AND DISPLAYING VISUALS  Delivering Oral Arguments  Dealing with Nervousness [box]  Composing an Oral Argument  *Choosing Presentation Tools [box]  CHANTEE STEELE, An Argument in Support of the “Gap Year” [student speech]  *READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE  Why Aren’t STEM Fields More Diverse?  STUART REGES, Why Women Don’t Code  BARBARA OAKLEY, Why Do Women Shun STEM? It’s Complicated  *MEREDITH REICHES AND SARAH S. RICHARDSON, We Dug into Data to Disprove a Myth about Women in STEM  *MARIA TEMMING, STEM’s Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Gaps Are Still Strikingly Large  *BARBARA MORAN, Is Science Too Straight?  *Visual Argument: Diversity in STEM [poster]  → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A ROGERIAN ARGUMENT  → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A TOULMIN ARGUMENT  PART  3 Writing an Argumentative Essay   CHAPTER 7  Planning, Drafting, and Revising an Argumentative Essay  AT ISSUE Should All College Campuses Go Green?  Choosing a Topic  Topics to Avoid  Thinking about Your Topic  Freewriting  Brainstorming  Clustering  Informal Outline  Drafting a Thesis Statement  *Types of Claims [box]  Understanding Your Purpose and Audience  Gathering Evidence  Evaluating the Evidence in Your Sources  Detecting Bias in Your Sources  Using Visuals as Evidence [box]  Refuting Opposing Arguments  Strategies for Refuting Opposing Arguments  Revising Your Thesis Statement  Structuring Your Essay  Supplying Background Information [box]  Using Induction and Deduction  *Identifying a Strategy for Your Argument: Applying Stasis Theory  Constructing a Formal Outline  Establishing Credibility  Being Well Informed  Being Reasonable  Being Fair  Maintaining Your Credibility [box]  Drafting Your Essay  Suggested Transitions for Argument [box]  GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: USING PARALLELISM  Revising Your Essay  Asking Questions  → CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAY’S PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE  → CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAY’S STRUCTURE AND STYLE  → CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAY’S SUPPORTING EVIDENCE  Using Outlines and Templates  Getting Feedback  Guidelines for Peer Review [box]  Polishing Your Essay  Editing and Proofreading  GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: CONTRACTIONS VERSUS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS  Choosing a Title  Checking Format  SHAWN HOLTON, Going Green [student essay]  PART  4 Using Sources to Support Your Argument   CHAPTER 8  Finding and Evaluating Sources  *AT ISSUE How Concerned Should We Be about Our Privacy in the Digital Age?  Finding Sources  Finding Information in the Library  Finding Information on the Internet  Using Google Scholar [box]  Evaluating Sources  *TATUM HUNTER, QR Codes Are a Privacy Problem—But Not for the Reasons You’ve Heard  *EDWARD J. MARKEY AND ORRIN HATCH, Protecting Student Privacy in the Digital Age  Evaluating Websites  Reliable versus Unreliable Websites [box]  Using a Site’s URL to Assess Its Objectivity [box]  Avoiding Confirmation Bias [box]  *THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, Home Page [website]  *INSTYLE MAGAZINE, Home Page [website]  *DAVID HUDSON, Student-Athletes Have a Right to Peaceful Protest   CHAPTER 9  Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Synthesizing Sources  AT ISSUE How Concerned Should We Be about Our Privacy in the Digital Age? (continued)  Summarizing Sources  When to Summarize [box]  Summarizing Sources [box]  Paraphrasing Sources  When to Paraphrase [box]  Paraphrasing Sources [box]  Quoting Sources  When to Quote [box]  Quoting Sources [box]  SHELLEY FRALIC, Don’t Fall for the Myths about Online Privacy  Working Source Material into Your Argument  Using Identifying Tags  Templates for Using Identifying Tags [box]  Working Quotations into Your Sentences  Distorting Quotations [box]  Synthesizing Sources  Synthesizing Sources [box]   CHAPTER 10 Documenting Sources: MLA  Why Document Sources? [box]  Using In-Text Citations  Preparing the Works-Cited List  What to Include in a Works-Cited Entry [box]   Periodicals  Books  Visual, Audio, and Multimedia Sources  Internet Sources  Other Sources  MLA Paper Guidelines [box]  ERIN BLAINE, Should Data Posted on Social-Networking Sites Be “Fair Game” for Employers? [model MLA paper]   CHAPTER 11  Using Sources Responsibly  *AT ISSUE What Should Be Done about Plagiarism?  Understanding Plagiarism  Two Definitions of Plagiarism [box]  Intentional Plagiarism [box]  Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism  Internet Sources and Plagiarism [box]  Knowing What to Document  ERIKA RAMIREZ, When Beyoncé’s Inspiration Turns into Imitation  Revising to Eliminate Plagiarism  *READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE   What Should Be Done about Plagiarism?  TRIP GABRIEL, Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age  JENNIFER MOTT-SMITH, Bad Idea about Writing: Plagiarism Deserves to Be Punished  *SUSAN H. GREENBERG, Why Colleges Should Ditch Honor Codes  RICHARD A. POSNER, The Truth about Plagiarism  *ELIZABETH REDDEN, Cheating across Cultures   *Visual Argument: Website Advertising Term Papers for Sale  → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN ARGUMENT ABOUT PLAGIARISM  → WRITING ARGUMENTS: WHAT SHOULD BE DONE ABOUT PLAGIARISM?  *APPENDIX A Combining Argumentative Strategies  ROBERT M. FRANKLIN, RFK’s Still a Leadership Role Model for Youth  APPENDIX B Writing Literary Arguments  What Is a Literary Argument?  Stating an Argumentative Thesis  Choosing Evidence  Writing a Literary Argument  MEGAN McGOVERN, Confessions of a Misunderstood Poem: An Analysis of “The Road Not Taken” [student essay]  LOREN MARTINEZ, Not Just a “Girl” [student essay]  APPENDIX C Documenting Sources: APA  Using In-Text Citations  Preparing a Reference List  Examples of APA References Periodicals  Books  Internet Sources  Student Essay  APA Paper Guidelines [box]  DENIZ BILGUTAY, The High Cost of Cheap Counterfeit Goods [model APA paper]  Glossary  Acknowledgments  Subject Index  Index of Titles and Authors