About the Book
Availability of and adequate accessibility to freshwater and energy are two key technological and scientific problems of global significance. At the end of the 20th century, the deficit of water for human consumption and economic application forced us to focus on rational use of resources. Increasing the use of renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency is a challenge for the 21st century. Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the Earth, accumulated in hydrothermal systems or in dry rocks within the Earth’s crust, in amounts which constitute the energy resources. The sustainable management of geothermal energy resources should be geared towards optimization of energy recovery, but also towards rational management of water resources since geothermal water serves both as energy carrier and also as valuable raw material. Geothermal waters, depending on their hydrogeothermal characteristics, the lithology of the rocks involved, the depth at which the resources occur and the sources of water supply, may be characterized by very diverse physicochemical parameters. This factor largely determines the technology to be used in their exploitation and the way the geothermal water can be used. This book is focused on the effective use of geothermal water and renewable energy for future needs in order to promote modern, sustainable and effective management of water resources.
The research field includes crucial new areas of study:
• an improvement in the management of freshwater resources through the use of residual geothermal water;
• a review of the technologies available in the field of geothermal water treatment for its (re)use for energetic purposes and freshwater production, and
• the development of balneotherapy.
The book is aimed at professionals, academics and decision makers worldwide, water sector representatives and administrators, business enterprises specializing in renewable energy management and water treatment, working in the areas of geothermal energy usage, water resources, water supply and energy planning. This book has the potential to become a standard text used by educational institutions and research & development establishments involved in the geothermal water management.
Table of Contents:
Section I Resources, geochemical properties and environmental implications of geothermal water
1. A global assessment of geothermal resources
Marek Hajto &Anna Sowizdzał1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definitions and classification of geothermal resources
1.3 Methods of regional assessment of geothermal resources
1.4 New concepts of geothermal resources classification
1.5 Results of geothermal resources assessment
2. Reinjection of cooled water back into a reservoir
Leszek Pajak & Barbara Tomaszewska2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mathematical model for assessing the conditions for injecting water into a rock formation
2.3 Injection of saline water into rock formation
2.4 Summary
3. Geothermal and hydrogeological conditions, geochemical properties and uses of geothermal waters of the Slovakia
Dušan Bodiš, Anton Remšík, Radovan Cernák, Daniel Marcin, Zlatica Ženišová & Renáta Flaková3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geological structure
3.3 Characteristics of geothermal bodies
3.4 Geothermal waters' chemical composition
3.5 Abstraction and thermal energy potential of geothermal waters
4. Resources, geochemical features and environmental implications of the geothermal waters in the continental rift zone of the Büyük Menderes,Western Anatolia, Turkey
N. Özgür4.1 Introduction
4.2 Geologic setting
4.3 Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry
4.4 Resources and geothermal potential
4.5 Environmental implications
4.6 Model of the geothermal waters in the rift zone of the Büyük Menderes
Section II Treatment of geothermal water for reuse
5. Analytical procedures for ion quantification supporting water treatment processes
Ewa Kmiecik5.1 Introduction
5.2 Groundwater sampling
5.3 Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program
5.4 QA/QC program in geothermal water monitoring – the case of Banska PGP-1 well (Banska Nizna, Poland)
5.5 Summary
6. Treatment of geothermal waters for industrial and agricultural purposes
Nalan Kabay, Pınar Yanar Sözal, Emre Yavuz, Mithat Yüksel & Ümran Yüksel6.1 Introduction
6.2 Geothermal potential of Turkey
6.3 Main utilization areas of geothermal energy
6.4 Environmental issues
6.5 Chemistry of geothermal fluids
6.6 Treatment of geothermal water
7. Removal of boron and arsenic from geothermal water by ion-exchange
Nalan Kabay, Idil Y. Ipek, Pelin K. Yilmaz, Saba Samatya, Marek Bryjak, Kazuharu Yoshizuka, S. Ali Tuncel, Ümran Yüksel & Mithat Yüksel7.1 Introduction
7.2 Removal of boron from geothermal water by ion-exchange
7.3 Removal of arsenic from geothermal water by ion-exchange
8. Membrane techniques in the treatment of geothermal water for fresh and potable water production
Michał Bodzek & Krystyna Konieczny8.1 Introduction
8.2 Desalination methods
8.3 Concentrate utilization
8.4 Integrated desalination systems
8.5 The consideration of energy issues in water desalination
8.6 Economic analyses of desalination processes
8.7 Final remarks
9. Review of direct discharge and recovery of reverse osmosis concentrates
Raquel Ibáñez, Antia Pérez-González, Javier Pinedo, Pedro Gomez, Ana Maria Urtiaga & Inmaculada Ortiz9.1 Introduction
9.2 Global desalination overview
9.3 RO desalination: characteristics and drawbacks
9.4 RO concentrates: influence of production site
9.5 Adverse effects of current ro concentrate management options
9.6 Treatment technologies of ro concentrates: review
10. Geothermal water treatment in Poland
Barbara Tomaszewska10.1 Introduction
10.2 Characteristics of geothermal waters
10.3 Research methodology
10.4 Results and discussion
10.5 Conclusions
Section III The uses of geothermal water in agriculture
11. Coupling geothermal direct heat with agriculture
Jochen Bundschuh, Barbara Tomaszewska, Noreddine Ghaffour, Ihsan Hamawand, Hacene Mahmoudi & Mattheus Goosen11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sustainability by integrating geothermal options into agriculture
11.3 Geothermal direct heat applications
11.4 Agriculture within the cascade system of geothermal direct heat utilization
11.5 Geothermal energy for thermal water desalination
11.6 Geothermal greenhouses development heating/cooling, ventilation, humidification, desalination
11.7 Geothermal aquifers as freshwater source
11.8 Conclusions
Section IV The uses of geothermal water in balneotherapy
12. Short history of thermal healing bathing
Barbara Kiełczawa12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Americas
12.3 Asia and the Middle East
12.4 European countries
13. Balneological use of geothermal springs in selected regions of the world
Barbara Kiełczawa13.1 Introduction
13.2 Africa
13.3 The Americas
13.4 Asia and Middle East
13.5 European countries
13.6 SPA, wellness and health resort organizations
13.7 Summary
14. The importance of an integrated analytic approach to the study of physico chemical characteristics of natural thermal waters used for pelotherapy aims: Perspectives for reusing cooled thermal waters for treatments related to thermalism applications
Davide Rossi, Dariusz Dobrzynski, Isabella Moro, Mirella Zancato & Nicola Realdon14.1 Introduction
14.2 Application of the integrated analytical approach and tensiometry on thermalism
14.3 Perspectives for using cooled thermal waters for thermal water treatments: Jelenia Góra hsw and borowina muds
About the Author :
Prof. Dr. Jochen Bundschuh (1960, Germany), finished his PhD on numerical modeling of heat transport in aquifers in Tübingen in 1990. He is working in geothermics, subsurface and surface hydrology and integrated water resources management, and connected disciplines. From 1993 to 1999 he served as an expert for the German Agency of Technical Cooperation (GTZ – now GIZ) and as a long term professor for the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) in Argentina. From 2001 to 2008 he worked within the framework of the German governmental cooperation (Integrated Expert Program of CIM; GTZ/BA) as adviser in mission to Costa Rica at the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE). Here, he assisted the country in evaluation and development of its huge low-enthalpy geothermal resources for power generation. Since 2005, he has been an affiliate professor of the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. In 2006, he was elected Vice-President of the International Society of Groundwater for Sustainable Development ISGSD. From 2009–2011 he was visiting professor at the Department of Earth Sciences at the National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Since 2012, Dr. Bundschuh is a professor in hydrogeology at the University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia where he leads the Platform for Water in the Nexus of Sustainable Development working in the wide field of water resources and low/middle enthalpy geothermal resources, water and wastewater treatment and sustainable and renewable energy resources.
Dr. Bundschuh is author of the books “Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power Generation” (CRC Press/Balkema) and “Introduction to the Numerical Modeling of Groundwater and Geothermal Systems: Fundamentals of Mass, Energy and Solute Transport in Poroelastic Rocks”. He is editor of 16 books and editor of the book series “Multiphysics Modeling”, “Arsenic in the Environment”, “Sustainable Energy Developments” and “SustainableWater Developments” (all CRC Press/Balkema). Since 2015, he is an editor in chief of the Elsevier journal “Groundwater for Sustainable Development”.
Dr Barbara Tomaszewska (Poland, 1971) finished her PhD degree in 2001 at AGH - University of Science and Technology in Krakow, at the Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection. She has conducted a broad research into area of changes within the aeration zone in the soil and aquatic environments under the influence of atmospheric pollution and migration of contaminants from landfills. What has been presented in her thesis is the spatial and temporar change in the quality of groundwaters and pore solutions study, focusing on specific indicators of pollution, including fluoride and boron ions, alongside with chlorides and sulphates. Since 2001, she worked as the senior geology and environmental inspector at the Mining District Authority in Krakow where she was working as supervisor of mining operations in the Małopolska region until 2007. During that time, she had an opportunity to gain further knowledge about the practice of underground, open-cast and well-mining operations. In 2007, Dr Tomaszewska joined the Department of Renewable Energy and Environmental Research at Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science (PAS MEERI), Krakow, where she helds until now an independent researcher position. In 2012, she was elected to the Institute’s Scientific Board.
Her full specific research interests include: 1) monitoring the soil and aquatic environment and the assessment of the chemical condition of groundwaters, according to spatial and temporal perspectives; 2) the occurrence and consequences of increased boron concentration in water; 3) stability of the chemical composition of health treatment waters; 4) the impact of geological studies on the occurrence of health treatment and thermal waters; 5) forecast and prevention of clogging in geothermal systems; 6) sustainable and efficient management of mineral resources as well as groundwaters maintaining the state of environment; 7) treatment of geothermal waters using selected membrane processes; 8) legal regulations in geology and protection of environment.
Barbara has been an author or co-author of five large volumes, including a role of an editor or co-editor of two of them. One of these volumes was awarded by Rector of the AGH - University of Science and Technology in Krakow. She has also contributed, or cooperated with other authors in publishing 14 chapters of larger publication and 54 papers for journals with national and worldwide availability, she has joined as well domestic and international conference proceedings.
