The Foundations of Celestial Reckoning: Three Ancient Chinese Astronomical Systems(Scientific Writings from the Ancient and Medieval World)

The Foundations of Celestial Reckoning gives the reader direct access to the foundational documents of the tradition of calculation created by astronomers of the early Chinese empire between the late second century BCE and the third century CE. The paradigm they established was to shape East Asian thought and practice in the field of mathematical astronomy for centuries to come. It was in many ways radically different from better known traditions of astronomy in other parts of the ancient world. This book includes full English translations of the first three systems of mathematical astronomy adopted for use by imperial astronomical officials, together with introductory material explaining the origin and nature of each system, and a general introduction to the work as a whole. The translations, which are accompanied by the original Chinese text, give a consistent rendering of all technical terms, and include detailed explanatory notes. The text in which the second of the three systems is found also includes a unique collection of documents compiled around 178 CE by two experts in the field, one of whom was the author of the third system translated in this book. Using material transcribed from government archives of the two preceding centuries, these scholars carefully document and review controversies and large-scale official debates on astronomical matters up to their own time. Nothing equivalent in detail and clarity has survived from any other ancient culture. The availability of the totality of this material in English opens new perspectives to all historians of pre-modern astronomy.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1. General IntroductionA. The world of early imperial ChinaB. What was a li ?, and what did it do?C. How did a li work?D. DatesE. How was a li calculated?F. How were the data of a li determined?G. A note on translating computational proceduresH. Arrangement of the textI. Works consulted?Chapter 2. The Triple Concordance astronomical system: San tong li ???I. IntroductionA. An astronomical system and its creatorB. Structure of the systemC. Organisation of the textD. Text usedII. Text, translation and commentsA. Concordance constantsB. Sequence ConstantsC. The Five PacersD. Concordance WorkingsE. Sequence WorkingsF. Year WorkingsG. [The Twelve Stations]H. The 28 LodgesI. [The Nine Roads]J. [Concordances and Rule Heads]K. APPENDIX 1: Intercalations in theory and practice?Chapter 3. The Han Quarter Remainder system: Han si fen li ????I. IntroductionA. The system and its backgroundB. Authorship of the textC. Structure of the systemD. Organisation of the textE. Methods of calculationF. Text usedII. Text, translation and commentsA. Methods for [astronomical] systemsB. Basic solar and lunar constantsC. [Lunar eclipse constants]D. Procedures for sun and moonE. Planetary constantsF. Planetary ProceduresG. Planetary MotionsH. [Months, qi and lodges]I. [The solar table]J. The system originK. Discussion?Chapter 4. The Uranic Manifestation astronomical system: Qian xiang li???I. IntroductionA. Liu Hong and his work

About the Author :
Christopher Cullen is Emeritus Director of the Needham Research Institute, Emeritus Fellow of Darwin College, and Emeritus Honorary Professor of the University of Cambridge. He is editor of the Needham Research Institute Series (Routledge).

Review :
Christopher Cullen's expert translations and commentaries provide long-needed access to three foundational texts of Chinese astronomy, and an opening to a much wider understanding of an ancient scientific tradition comparable in richness and sophistication to that of the Mesopotamians and Greeks. - Alexander Jones, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, USA "This book stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of researching on Chinese systems. I highly recommend this important and well-written book for historians of science and all who are interested in Chinese mathematical astronomy." - Tang Quan, Xianyang Normal University, Journal for the History of Astronomy, August 2017 "Cullen has provided another excellent contribution toward making Chinese astronomical texts available to a wider audience and giving the history of Chinese mathematical astronomy its well-deserved place within the general history of non-Western and premodern astronomy." - Benno van Dalen, Isis journal, March 2018 "This volume will be a fundamental for the study of the history of ancient astronomy, not only Chinese, but also Arabic and, because of the transmission of Arabic astronomy to Byzantium in the late period Byzantine." - Touwaide, Byzantinische Zeitschrift issue 110 (= 2017/4). Alexander Jones, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, NYU "This is an ideal volume for the new series Scientific Writings from the Ancient and Medieval World. The tradition of scientific astronomy in China rivals that of Mesopotamia and the Classical world in complexity and sophistication, but whereas almost all the central documents of Greek astronomy and a large part of those from Babylonia are accessible in good translations and commentaries, only a tiny fraction of the abundant Chinese astronomical literature can be consulted by scholars who do not read Chinese." Michael Loewe, University of Cambridge "It will form a most valuable contribution both for specialist readers in the sciences and in Chinese studies, by providing access to primary source material not easily known or readily understood. It will fill a deficiency in secondary writing that concerns both the history of science and China’s own science and technology. The book is to be welcomed."