Structures and Architecture: Beyond their Limits

Although the disciplines of architecture and structural engineering have both experienced their own historical development, their interaction has resulted in many fascinating and delightful structures. To take this interaction to a higher level, there is a need to stimulate the inventive and creative design of architectural structures and to persuade architects and structural engineers to further collaborate in this process, exploiting together new concepts, applications and challenges. This set of book of abstracts and full paper searchable CD-ROM presents selected papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on Structures and Architecture Conference (ICSA2016), organized by the School of Architecture of the University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal (July 2016), to promote the synergy in the collaboration between the disciplines of architecture and structural engineering. The set addresses all major aspects of structures and architecture, including building envelopes, comprehension of complex forms, computer and experimental methods, concrete and masonry structures, educating architects and structural engineers, emerging technologies, glass structures, innovative architectural and structural design, lightweight and membrane structures, special structures, steel and composite structures, the borderline between architecture and structural engineering, the history of the relationship between architects and structural engineers, the tectonics of architectural solutions, the use of new materials, timber structures and more. The contributions on creative and scientific aspects of the conception and construction of structures, on advanced technologies and on complex architectural and structural applications represent a fine blend of scientific, technical and practical novelties in both fields. This set is intended for both researchers and practitioners, including architects, structural and construction engineers, builders and building consultants, constructors, material suppliers and product manufacturers, and other experts and professionals involved in the design and realization of architectural, structural and infrastructural projects.

Table of Contents:
KEYNOTE LECTURES Innovation in architectural steel T. Boake Bridges and viaducts between engineering and architecture E. Siviero Glass challenges – past, present, and future J. O’Callaghan Materials science, bridging the gap between architecture, architectural engineering and structural engineering F. Veer TECHNICAL CONTRIBUTIONS Mini-Symposium & Special Session New wood and bio-based construction Overview on the structural performance of timber structures under the effects of blast loading – research and design considerations D. Lacroix, C. Viau, D. Côté, M. Poulin, A. Lopez & G. Doudak Wall elements made of timber andWood-Cement Compounds – building-physical properties and structural performance D. Zwicky & N. Macchi Slab elements made of timber andWood-Cement Compounds – structural and other performances M. Eymard & D. Zwicky Function and design of innovative bio-based products for the building sector A. Falk & M. Wålinder Beech LVL – high strength material for engineered timber structures H. Blass, M. Frese & M. Enders-Comberg Experimental campaign of mechanical CLT connections subjected to a combination of shear and tension forces L. Pozza, M. Massari, M. Savoia & B. Ferracuti Experimental analysis of a new connection system for CLT structures A. Polastri, R. Brandner & D. Casagrande Numerical analyses of high- and medium-rise CLT buildings braced with cores and additional shear walls A. Polastri, L. Pozza, C. Loss & I. Smith Bio-based structural building components grown into near net shape F. Moser, M. Trautz, A. Beger, M. Löwer, J. Feldhusen, J. Prell, J. Reimer, A.Wormit, B. Usadel, C. Kämpfer, T. Seiler & H. Hollert Pourable wood-cement compounds – properties, potential and challenges of a new structural material N. Macchi & D. Zwicky Can CLT construction help Copenhagen become world’s first carbon neutral city? D. Horswill & T. Nielsen Energy and seismic performance of timber buildings in Mediterranean region A. Polastri, G. Poh’siè, I. Paradisi & J. Ratajczak A new dissipative connection for CLT buildings L. Marchi, D. Trutalli, R. Scotta, L. Pozza &A. Ceccotti Everyday tectonics Everyday tectonics? – clarification of concepts A. Beim & M. Hvejsel A didactic of tectonics N. Cowee Constructing and construing environmental sensations I. Foged Auxiliary architectures – the everyday potential of supplementary textile architectures M. Hensel & D. Hensel Tectonic transformations. Reclaiming everyday architecture C. Bundgaard The tectonics of recycling U. Madsen Investigations on cultural ecology of industrial timber construction – through tectonic understanding of new wood materials K. Sundahl Tensegrity systems – transferring tectonics from the extraordinary to the everyday M. Hensel, G. Bover, J. Hoen, S. da Cunha & S. Sørensen The ecology of urban tectonics – studied in everyday building culture of Hans Christian Hansen A. Beim & M. Hvejsel Performance aided assisted design Building timber gridshells with air: Numerical simulations and technique challenges A. Liuti, A. Pugnale & B. d’Amico Specialised algorithms for different project stages in a post-formed timber gridshell design S. Pone, G. Mirra, E. Pignatelli, D. Lancia & S. Colabella Computation tools for the design of a deployable dome structure D. Lee, O. Larsen & S. Kim Transformable bending-active structures: Manipulating elastic deformation in kinetic and rapidly assembled structures S. Brancart, L. De Laet & N. de Temmerman Generative material simulation: Contemporary trends in parametric structural design J. Ripple Advances in design and fabrication of free-form reciprocal structures D. Parigi The authority of the structure The art of structure J. Schwartz National technical library Prague – building as a technical textbook O. Hofmeister How to re-open the black box in the structural design of complex geometries K. Verbeeck, L. Loos, L. De Laet & L. Muller Trended structures – on the authority of the load-bearing structure N. Graber & C. Steiger Homage – source of inspiration M. Schlaich Reinforced ice structures: in the footsteps of Da Vinci and Candela Historical development of structural ice A. Pronk, N. Vasiliev & J. Belis Compressive strength of ice and cellulose-ice composite P.J.S. Cruz & J. Belis Technical installations to enable the construction of the “Juuka in ice” project 2016 J. van den Elzen Design of Da Vinci’s bridge in ice A. Pronk, R. Blok, M. van Brunschot, A. van Lier, F. van de Mortel, K.Williams, M. Arntz, L. Hermens, R. Koekkoek &T. van den Nieuwenhof Reinforced ice structures: In the footsteps of Candela J. Belis, B. Ronsse, K. Martens, B. van Lancker, P.J.S. Cruz & G. Deruyter On-site geometrical measurements of an experimental ice composite shell through TLS and photogrammetry G. Deruyter, K. Fransen, H. Glas & J. Belis Teaching architecture in full scale – wood Models in 1:1 – a powerful education and research tool for bridging the gap between architects and engineers O. Popovic-Larsen From best practices to tactical design P. Tidwell Phases of intensive design and build workshops in architectural education P. Aalto & S. Rintala Learn-by-making and its role in architectural education – examples from Sweden and Australia D. Bylund Full scale in four months – objectives, methods and results J. Siem, B. Braaten & A. Gilberg Teaching architecture in full scale – regional materials Material, structure, tectonics: The power of full scale in the education of architects U. Meister & C. Rist-Stadelmann Constructing things for constructing other things T. Berlemont An inclusive aesthetic approach to full scale building N. Haarsaker & G. Brenk Learning at the scale of “real life”. New pedagogical ideas for teaching architecture M. Spaan Building culture written into the landscape – how to read spatial tradition J. Borucka Listening to the material. An intuitive approach to the knowledge ofconstruction materials R. Farré Didactic concepts within teaching architecture in one to one scale – two cases F. Hakonsen, M.Waagaard, A. Gilberg & J. Siem Beyond disciplines Shared parameters: Interfaces of collaborative exchange J. Ripple AECO:Web based collaborative digital design M. Naugle Interdisciplinary synergy R. Roesling & B. Nuttall Blurring boundaries through interdisciplinary engagement M. Mistur On the tectonics in architecture Heinz Hossdorf: The innovation of “mixed rims” in the thin concrete shells of modern architecture P. Cassinello The “question of the technique”: From the designing idea to the realized form R. Panei, P. Trovalusci & A. Tinelli Structural design and aesthetics of infrastructures in natural and artificial environments M. Pasca Foldable geometries for architectural applications: Tectonics and material expression K. Liapi, A. Ioannidi & E. Spyridonos Revisiting the form finding techniques of Sergio Musmeci: The bridge over the Basento river P. Magrone, G. Tomasello, S. Adriaenssens, S. Gabriele & V. Varano A two-stage approach for the design of grid shells E. Grande, M. Imbimbo & V. Tomei Three-dimensional lower-bound analysis of masonry structures P. Foti, A. Fraddosio, N. Lepore & M. Piccioni Structure and form. Changes of state in architecture – from modern to contemporary A. Russo General Contributions Building envelopes New equipment for new technology: Fixing systems for thin, Textile Reinforced Concrete façades M. Roik Mashrabiya reinvented: Double façades, Persian Gulf style T. Boake Reconstruction of roof decks of large roofs as a result of a synergy between technical and architectural solutions V. Tichomirov, K. Landl & D. Beˇckovsky Façade modernisation for retrofitting existing buildings to achieve nearly zero energy buildings S. Zuhaib, M. Hajdukiewicz, M. Keane & J. Goggins Structural laminated bamboo passive house M. Taylor Application of simple surface climate models for modelling mould growth on wooden façades T. Thiis, I. Burud, D. Kraniotis & L. Gobakken An oak composite thermal dynamic envelope I. Foged & A. Pasold External musculature: The façade in the works of Ignacio Álvarez Castelao P. Cueto Understanding the complexities of building physics and human behaviour in achieving a nearly zero energy building P. Moran M. Hajdukiewicz & J. Goggins Thermal behaviour of reinforced concrete and brick masonry structures. A case study M. Molina-Huelva, A. Barrios-Padura & P. Fernández-Ans Computer and experimental methods Designing a slender footbridge based on a passive control algorithm J. Jiménez-Alonso, A. Díaz &A. Sáez Free form surfaces construction with precast pieces and minimum formwork P. Vegas & A. Bernabeu Genetically enhanced parametric design in the exploration of architectural solutions P. von Buelow Dynamic analysis of a modern cable-stayed footbridge J. Dulinska & I. Murzyn Optimization of stadium roof structure using force density method M. Uroš, P. Gidak & D. Lazarevi'c Concept architectural buildings/Futuristic structures Sun, sea, sand and architectural structures R. Rahman & M. Daud Rotoreliefs, definitively unfinished: From constructivism experiences to his legacy in progress, 1915–1998 C. García Concrete and masonry structures The structure of the external lift at the Port of Ribadeo, Galicia, Spain J. Valcárcel Form and structure in the Cathedral of Cuzco H. Rodríguez-Camilloni Assessment of masonry buildings subjected to landslide by Strut-and-Tie Models F. Palmisano &A. Elia Beyond the funicular: Exploiting untapped potentials in masonry construction E. Jannasch Graphical methods for the design of masonry arches: The case of Luis Moya Blanco’s Nuestra Señora de la Araucana in Madrid, 1972 L. Todisco, S. Rojo & C. Fivet Influence of the wall shape on the collapse of arch-wall systems D. Aita, R. Barsotti & S. Bennati Prefabricated planar elements for reinforced brick shells A. Pick, S. Schäfer & J. Reising Safety assessment of masonry structures based on modern methods and technologies C. Dragomir, M. Calin, S. Purdoiu, A. Virsta & R. Manea In the Arabian Gulf maintenance is the key to sustainability M. Samarai Sustainable construction through eco-efficient ultra-high performance concrete I. Ferdosian &A. Camões Educating architects and structural engineers Advanced structural understanding: Load path and structural function revised L. Luyten A comparative study of the physical model as a tool for structural education L. Luyten, T. Vilquin, I. Vrouwe & E. Verstrynge Blending structural application into architectural design studios M. Callahan, S. Shadravan & C. Leinneweber Architect in residence: Pursuing integrated design within engineering T. Nees A structuralist view of prefabrication A. Correia, L. da Silva & V. Murtinho Effective assignments and haptic teaching methods in architectural structure R. Schwaen & R. Arlt Bridge Design; Education and research in the field of integral, innovative, sustainable bridge design at TU Delft J. Smits Behavior of building structures: Study through models of relevant architecture E. Fenollosa, I. Cabrera, A. Almerich & V. Llopis In search of the lunar catenary: Teaching form-active design with lower mathematics E. Jannasch Drawing in the engineering design process: Learning from the first 150 years of modern engineering E. Brito, R. Póvoas & P. Providência Structural engineering in architectural studies at CTU Prague M. Vavruskova & M. Pospisil The relationship between structure, architecture, and cost of building based on conceptual design of cable-stayed footbridge S. Skibicki The teaching of structural engineering – a practical approach L. Houck & T. Aurlien Design and build studios in architectural education S. Sandness Inverse investigations: Material definitions of structure and space M. Donofrio STEM principles implementation in Building Technology education at Texas universities S. Toker-Beeson & R. Azari Forces frozen: Hands-on exploration of structural ice shells C. Fivet & C. Mueller Tectonics in the study abroad design studio S. Milovanovic-Bertram A survey of structures education in North American schools of architecture R. Dermody, D. Oakley & M. Uihlein Crossing boundaries: Blurring the lines between engineers and architects K. Dong & T. Fowler Sketching as thinking: Structural concepts and design M. Dunn A freehand method for analyzing certain spatial porticoes almost accurately A. Lacort Emerging technologies Systematic case study on energy efficiency of existing Irish buildings using BIM in order to achieve nearly zero energy standards T. Ganguly, M. Hajdukiewicz, M. Keane & J. Goggins Combining structural Topology Optimization and Big Area Additive Manufacturing – a case study N. Nikolov & K. Fletcher Glass structures The behaviour of Fire Resistant glass under fire K. Machalická, M. Charvátová, M. Eliášová & P. Kuklík Durability of linear adhesive cold-formed steel-glass connections B. Van Lancker,W. De Corte & J. Belis System safety of statically indeterminate glass beams after failure K. Martens, R. Caspeele & J. Belis Developing the bundled glass column F. Oikonomopoulou, F. Veer, T. Bristogianni & R. Nijsse A scientifically valid approach for determining the design strength and safety factor for Heat Strengthened glass F. Veer Lateral and torsional stability of hybrid steel-glass beams I. Pravdová & M. Eliášová Innovative architectural and structural design Optimization methodology for cross-section size in moment-resisting frame design J. Xu, X. Lu & B. Spencer Pedestrian bridge as public art: Detailing in exposed steel T. Boake Integrated complex shell structures made up of effectively transformed flat folded sheets J. Abramczyk Bending-active structures: A parametric analysis on decoding structural behavior and capacity K. Alexandrou & M. Phocas Innovative structural system consisting of CFT columns and precast concrete beams L. Bezerra, A. El Debs & M. El Debs Bionic patterns in architectural structures N. Nawari &T. Chichugova Is there a future for fabric-formed concrete structures? R. Schmitz Sarajevo University library architectural and structural concept A.Paši'c, M. Hrasnica & F. Biberki'c Early-stage integration of architectural and structural performance in a parametric multi-objective design tool N. Brown, J. Ochsendorf, C. Mueller & J. de Oliveira The new MAAT in Lisbon. Using old methods to design contemporary architectural solutions E. Brito & R. Furtado Structural system concept for twisted buildings M. Piekarski Integrating engineering and architecture S. Smith An eco-friendly approach for enhancing rural archaeological heritage in Romania S. Bica, M. T˘am˘a¸san & C. M˘ar˘acineanu Externally post-tensioned structures: Validation through physical models L. Todisco & C. Mueller Topology optimization of photovoltaic panels as a factor in shaping structural system and architectural form R. Tarczewski & M. ' Swie˛ciak `COCOON’ a bamboo building with integration of digital design and low-tech construction L. Hansen & S. Kim Studies in 3D topologies: Structural morphologies and grid shell structures I. Lochner Micro-mega – nature inspired structural patterns for tall buildings: Modeling, analysis, design G. Montuori, G. Perrella, M. Fraldi & E. Mele Lightweight and membrane structures A simplified and robust material model for fabrics used in membrane structures J. Pargana & V. Leitão The newWarner Stand at Lord’s Cricket Ground: Innovative fabric roof structures S. Smith, A. Lerpiniere,W. Whitby, M. Trousdell & R. Zara Lightweight modular membrane structures for various applications S. Gellin & R. Tarczewski A case study for the use of structural textile cables in building M. Brocato & R. Zarcone Steel and composite structures New roles of the structure in the refurbishment of the architectural heritage: The MediaLab-Prado project J. Rey Rey & P.Vegas Structural design challenges Bearing structure of a multi layered stone façade in cantilever of a 5 story residence in Athens M. Kyriazis A yoga analogy in structural behaviour: Understanding versus computation J. Bernabeu & A. Bernabeu Lightweight steel intensive solutions for over-roofing of existing residential buildings A. Floricel, V. Ungureanu & M. Georgescu Tall buildings Wind tunnel tests around bluff-bodies of circular base to optimize space grid envelope structures for high-rise steel buildings R. Señís An engineer reads. Interpreting the Citylife Tower RdD1 structural design process through an essay of Italo Calvino E. Brito & R. Furtado Comparative evaluation of diagrid and braced tube structures for tall buildings K. Moon Façade integrated structural damping systems for tall buildings K. Moon The borderline between architecture and structural engineering When structure and architecture are interdependent M. Sanvitto New orders, in search of a new point-block diagram for Hong Kong O. Ottevaere Structure as power: The case of the Matosinhos Market, Portugal, 1936–1953 J. Delgado & P. Pinto Architectural vs. structural constraints in urban multi-hazard safety assessment E. Georgescu, C. Gociman, I. Craifaleanu, T. Florescu, M. Georgescu & C. Moscu Railway stations – the borderline between architecture and structure E. Kido The physical model in the structural studies of Robert Le Ricolais: “apparatus” or “hierogram” M. Vrontissi Holistic integration versus separation and fragmentation in architecture D. Bijedic, R. Cahtarevic & S. Halilovic Formal and structural multiplicity in early truss design M. Rinke New formal expectations. The dynamic alternative between the evident and the disturbing F. Suárez The history of the relationship between architects and structural engineers A study on the conservation of operating historical bridges – recent experiences in Japan H. Isohata Technological changes and architecture: The case of APCER magazine, Portugal 1935–45 P. Pinto & J. Delgado Claiming ground: The first structural engineering license in the United States M. Uihlein Structural documentation of the Palace of Congress in Brasília J. Sánchez & E. da Silva Collaboration between architects and structural engineers: A history of major successes and major failures J. Rey Rey Building modelling in historical perspective R. Tarczewski The tectonic of architectural solutions Carlo Scarpa and the search for gravity A. Schultz Tectonic thinking on housing of modern architecture: Mies van der Rohe vs Alison and Peter Smithson A. Rodrigues & P. Baía Re-envisioning the Knot: The Neil Astle House B. Wrightsman From Seia to Guimarães. Fernando Távora’s tectonic shift in the Sacor fuel stations E. Fernandes Tectonics and landscape: The structure of ground and atmosphere M. Laboy Tectonic approaches in the design of concrete architecture in postwar Italy L. Ingold & M. Rinke Appropriate building physics in relation to the tectonic of architectural quality C. Kristensen Recovering a broader understanding of tectonics. The case for the architectural potentials of sheet metal J. Holst & O. Jackson Le Corbusier’s Maison Dom-ino and John Habraken’s supports: Differences and similarities H. Ferreira, L. da Silva & V. Murtinho Timber structures Development of roofing grid structures with an orthogonal grid from glulam timber D. Loktev, I. Inzhutov, P. Melnikov, S. Deordiev & V. Zhadanov Mass timber high-rise design, cost and schedule research: Competitive advantages of wood over concrete A. Jacobs, M. Timmers, J. Sundnes & A. Baker Structural performance of multi-story Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) buildings I. Lukacs & A. Björnfot The conceptual design of hybrid structures – theoretical and experimental research of external prestressed timber beams S. Miljanovi'c & M. Zlatar Hybrid wood-based structural systems for multi-storey buildings C. Loss, M. Piazza & R. Zandonini Contrasting approaches to load-bearing timber structures A. Gianoli & R. Furrer Author index

About the Author :
Paulo J.S. Cruz is Full Professor of Construction and Technology at the School of Architecture of the University of Minho. He is President of IDEGUI - Design Institute of Guimarães and Director of Lab2PT - Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory as well as Head of studies on Product Design. He was President of the School of Architecture of the University of Minho (2004-2011) and Head of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Minho (2003 & 2004). He graduated in Civil Engineering (1987) and received an MSc in Structural Engineering from the University of Porto, Portugal (1991) and obtained his PhD in Civil Engineering from the Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (1995). Since 1987 he has conducted research in the domain of special structures. After his PhD he started in the field of “Steel and Composite Structures”, progressively devoting his research interests to the area of bridges, particularly concerning safety, inspection, assessment and monitoring. Since his involvement with the School of Architecture, he has bridged the gap between architecture and structural engineering, promoting the efficient use of the traditional materials and their judicious combination; exploring innovative technological, constructional and structural solutions and establishing effective collaborations with the construction industry.