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Outlines of the Comparative Physiology and Morphology of Animals

Outlines of the Comparative Physiology and Morphology of Animals


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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1899 Excerpt: ...dragged by ants, etc.; and yet the relation of muscle to skeleton, and therefore the mechanism of motion and locomotion, is wholly different from that of vertebrates. In vertebrates we have an internal skeleton and the muscles acting on it from the outside; in the case of arthropods we have an external skeleton and the muscles acting on it from the inside. The whole animal is inclosed in a skeletal coat of mail. The body is a hollow, jointed barrel inclosing the viscera, and the limbs are hollow pipes filled with muscle. The manner in which this arrangement is used for limb motion is shown in the following figures: Fig. 149, A and B, represents the joints of a stovepipe beveled a little on the two opposite sides so that when fitted, the one in the other, there is a small vacant space between. Now if the interfitted parts, a a, be riveted together, and strings, m m', within the pipe be attached to the beveled margins, we have a perfect hinge joint, and pulling on one string or the other produces motion in two directions in one plane. Now the mechanism for limb motion in all arthropods is like this, except that we have ligaments instead of rivets, and muscle and tendon instead of strings pulled by hand. Fig. 150 shows four joints of the limb of a crab or lobster and the manner in which the muscles bend the limbs. Fig. 149.--Diagram showing mode of action of muscle and skeleton in an arthropod: a, the joint; m, the muscle. It is evident that with a hollow skeleton and muscles within, only hinge joints can be formed. A ball and socket is impossible. How, then, is universal motion effected? This is done by two hinge joints moving in planes at right angles to one another, as in the diagram, Fig. 149. If we examine the leg of any arthropod, say Fig. 150.--Four joi...


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9781231058527
  • Publisher: Rarebooksclub.com
  • Publisher Imprint: Rarebooksclub.com
  • Height: 246 mm
  • No of Pages: 120
  • Spine Width: 6 mm
  • Width: 189 mm
  • ISBN-10: 1231058528
  • Publisher Date: 01 May 2012
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: English
  • Returnable: N
  • Weight: 227 gr


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