About the Book
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 210. Chapters: Plasterwork, Geothermal heat pump, Stairs, Green building, Cooling tower, Piping and plumbing fitting, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, Flat roof, HVAC, Autonomous building, Earth sheltering, Architect-led design-build, Materials science, Thermal comfort, Curtain wall, R-value (insulation), Basement, Performance-based building design, Phase-change material, Home automation, Building information modeling, Strength of materials, Insulated glazing, Natural ventilation, Modular building, Eden Project, Building regulations in the United Kingdom, Solar chimney, Shipping container architecture, Radon mitigation, Fire retardant, Zome, Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, Construction management, Daylight harvesting, Project manager, Demolition, New-construction building commissioning, Shop drawing, Superinsulation, Grasshopper 3d, Pile driver, Raising of Chicago, NEC Engineering and Construction Contract, Structural insulated panel, Applied element method, Building code, Air source heat pumps, Building services engineering, Integrated project delivery, Responsive architecture, Fire protection, Insulating concrete form, Submittals (construction), Prefabricated building, Living Building Challenge, List of pioneering solar buildings, Surety bond, Code for Sustainable Homes, Structural load. Excerpt: Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster, such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls. This is also sometimes called pargeting. The process of creating plasterwork, called plastering, has been used in building construction for centuries. The earliest plasters known to us were lime-based. Around 7500 BC, the people of 'Ain Ghazal in Jordan used lime mixed with unheated crushed limestone to make plaster which was used on a large scale for covering walls, floors, and hearths in their houses. Often, walls and floors were decorated with red, finger-painted patterns and designs. In ancient India and China, renders in clay and gypsum plasters were used to produce a smooth surface over rough stone or mud brick walls, while in early Egyptian tombs, walls were coated with lime and gypsum plaster and the finished surface was often painted or decorated. Modelled stucco was employed throughout the Roman Empire. The Romans used mixtures of lime and sand to build up preparatory layers over which finer applications of gypsum, lime, sand and marble dust were made; pozzolanic materials were sometimes added to produce a more rapid set. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the addition of marble dust to plaster to allow the production of fine detail and a hard, smooth finish in hand-modelled and moulded decoration was not used until the Renaissance. Around the 4th century BC, the Romans discovered the principles of the hydraulic set of lime, which by the addition of highly reactive forms of silica and alumina, such as volcanic earths, could solidify rapidly even under water. There was little use of hydraulic mortar after the Roman period until the 18th century. Plaster decoration was widely used in Europe in the Middle Ages where, from the mid-13th century, gypsum plaster was used for internal and external plaster. Hair was employed as reinforcement, with additives to assist set or plasticity includi
