About the Book
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 68. Chapters: Afitti language, Arabic language, Beja language, Berta language, Bimbashi Arabic, Birgid language, Chadian Arabic, Dinka alphabet, Dinka language, Domari language, English language, Gule language, Gumuz language, Hausa language, Hill Nubian languages, Kadugli language, Kanga language, Keiga language, Kelo language, Komo language, Kordofanian languages, Krongo language, Kujarge language, Mabaan language, Maban languages, Masalit language, Meroitic language, Midob language, Molo language, Nilotic languages, Nobiin language, Nyimang language, Old Nubian language, Rutana (languages), Sillok language, Sudanese Arabic, Sudanese English, Sungor language, Tama language, Temein languages, Tennet language, Tulishi language, Tumtum language, Zaghawa language. Excerpt: Arabic ( ( listen) or ( listen)) is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD. This includes both the literary language and varieties of Arabic spoken in a wide arc of territory stretching across the Middle East and North Africa. The literary language is called Modern Standard Arabic or Literary Arabic. It is currently the only official form of Arabic, used in most written documents as well as in formal spoken occasions, such as lectures and news broadcasts. However, this varies from one country to the other. In 1912, Moroccan Arabic was official in Morocco for some time, before Morocco joined the Arab League. Arabic languages are Central Semitic languages, most closely related to Hebrew, Aramaic, Ugaritic and Phoenician. The standardized written Arabic is distinct from and more conservative than all of the spoken varieties, and the two exist in a state known as diglossia, used side-by-side for different societal functions. Some of the spoken varieties are mutually unintelligible, both written and orally, and the varieties as a whole constitute a sociolinguistic language. This means that on purely linguistic grounds they would likely be considered to constitute more than one language, but are commonly grouped together as a single language for political and/or ethnic reasons (see below). If considered multiple languages, it is unclear how many languages there would be, as the spoken varieties form a dialect chain with no clear boundaries. If Arabic is considered a single language, it perhaps is spoken by as many as 422 million first language speakers, making it one of the half dozen most populous languages in the world. If considered separate languages, the most-spoken variety would most likely be Egyptian Arabic, with 54 million native speakers-still greater than any other Semitic language. Arabic is the eleventh-most-spoken language in the United States. The modern written language (Modern Standard Arabic) is derived f
