About the Book
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 93. Chapters: Bari language, Bashkir language, Chagatai language, Chukchi language, Chuvash language, Coeur d'Alene language, Common Turkic languages, Finnish language, Hadza language, Hungarian language, Igbo language, Kazakh language, Khanty language, Komi language, Kypchak languages, Kyrgyz language, Lingala language, Maasai language, Manchu language, Mansi language, Nez Perce language, Oghur languages, Oghuz languages, Old Korean, Sakha language, Seto dialect, Sotho language, Tatar language, Telugu language, Tulu language, Turkish language, Uyghur language, Uyghur Turkic languages, Voro language, Vowel harmony. Excerpt: Turkish (.)), also referred to as Istanbul Turkish or Anatolian Turkish, is the most widely-spoken of the Turkic languages, with over 63 million native speakers. Speakers are located predominantly in Turkey, with smaller groups in Germany, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Northern Cyprus, Greece, and other parts of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. The roots of the language can be traced to Central Asia, with the first known written records dating back nearly 1,300 years. To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Ataturk's Reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman script was replaced with a Latin alphabet. Concurrently, the newly founded Turkish Language Association initiated a drive to reform and standardize the language. The distinctive characteristics of Turkish are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination. The basic word order of Turkish is subject object verb. Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender. Turkish has a strong T V distinction and usage of honorifics. Turkish uses second-person pronouns that distinguish varying levels of politeness, social distance, age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect. On occasion, double plural second-person "sizler" may be used to refer to a much-respected person. Old Turkic inscription with the Orkhon script (c. 8th century). Kyzyl, RussiaTurkish is a member of the Oghuz group of languages, a subgroup of the Turkic languages. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Turkish and the other Oghuz languages, including Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, and Balkan Gagauz Turkish. The Turkic family comprises some 30 living languages spoken across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia. Some ling
