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Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 205. Chapters: Portable Document Format, List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes, Pinyin, JPEG, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, Standardization of Office Open XML, Portable Network Graphics, MUMPS, C Sharp (programming language), ISO/IEEE 11073 Personal Health Data (PHD) Standards, JPEG 2000, International Bank Account Number, ISO 9000, ISO 4217, List of applications of near field communication, List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes, OSI model, International Standard Book Number, Smart card, Unified Modeling Language, Standard Generalized Markup Language, ISO 8601, ISO 14000, ISO 9660, IETF language tag, ISO 6346, ISO 8583, High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding, Common Criteria, STEP-NC, ISO 15926, ISO 10303, Universal Disk Format, Contactless smart card, Revised Romanization of Korean, OCR-A font, Romanization of Armenian, XML schema language comparison, RM-ODP, 135 film. Excerpt: Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to represent documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it. In 1991, Adobe Systems co-founder John Warnock outlined a system called "Camelot" that evolved into PDF. While Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993, PDF remained a proprietary format, controlled by Adobe, until it was officially released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-1:2008. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell and distribute PDF compliant implementations. PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share documents, including text formatting and inline images, among computer users of disparate platforms who may not have access to mutually-compatible application software. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu (still developing), Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica and even Adobe's own PostScript format (.ps). In those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. PDF's adoption in the early days of the format's history was slow. Adobe Acrobat, Adobe's suite for reading and creating PDF files, was not freely available; early versions of PDF had no support for external hyperlinks, reducing its usefulness on the Internet; the larger size of a PDF document compared to plain text required longer download times over the slower modems common at the time; and rendering PDF files was slow on the less powerful machines of the day. From version 2.0 onwards Adobe distributed its Acrobat Reader (now A
