About the Book
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 78. Chapters: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Albedo, Angstrom exponent, Anomalous Diffraction Theory, Atmospheric optics, Backscatter, Beer-Lambert law, Bond albedo, Brillouin scattering, Codes for electromagnetic scattering by cylinders, Codes for electromagnetic scattering by spheres, Coherent backscattering, Computational electromagnetics, Differential dynamic microscopy, Discrete dipole approximation, Discrete dipole approximation codes, Dynamic light scattering, Finite-difference time-domain method, Forward scatter, Gans theory, Gaunt factor, Geometric albedo, Hail spike, Hapke parameters, High frequency approximation, Incoherent scatter, Inverse Raman effect, Inverse scattering problem, Kramers' opacity law, Lambertian reflectance, Light scattering by particles, Material scattering, Mathematical descriptions of opacity, Mie scattering, Multiangle light scattering, Near and far field, Opacity (optics), Opposition surge, Optical conductivity, Optical depth, Optical depth (astrophysics), Optical properties of water and ice, Optical theorem, Penetration depth, Phase angle (astronomy), Phase curve (astronomy), Raman amplification, Raman scattering, Rayleigh scattering, Saturated spectroscopy, Scattering (optics), Scattering cross-section, Scattering theory, Scintillation (physics), Single scattering albedo, Split-ring resonator, Static light scattering, T-matrix method, Tyndall effect, Ultramicroscope, Umkehr effect, Van Flandern-Yang hypothesis, WSSUS model. Excerpt: Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) is a numerical analysis technique used for modeling computational electrodynamics (finding approximate solutions to the associated system of differential equations). Since it is a time-domain method, FDTD solutions can cover a wide frequency range with a single simulation run, and treat nonlinear material properties in a natural way. The FDTD method belongs in the general class of grid-based differential time-domain numerical modeling methods (finite difference methods). The time-dependent Maxwell's equations (in partial differential form) are discretized using central-difference approximations to the space and time partial derivatives. The resulting finite-difference equations are solved in either software or hardware in a leapfrog manner: the electric field vector components in a volume of space are solved at a given instant in time; then the magnetic field vector components in the same spatial volume are solved at the next instant in time; and the process is repeated over and over again until the desired transient or steady-state electromagnetic field behavior is fully evolved. The basic FDTD space grid and time-stepping algorithm trace back to a seminal 1966 paper by Kane Yee in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. However, the Yee scheme can be rewritten as a finite difference scheme to solve the electromagnetic wave equation and this basic finite difference scheme for the wave equation goes back to Courant, Freidrichs, and Lewy's seminal paper from 1928. The descriptor "Finite-difference time-domain" and its corresponding "FDTD" acronym were originated by Allen Taflove in a 1980 paper in IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. Since about 1990, FDTD techniques have emerged as primary means to computationally model many scientific and engineering problems dealing with electromagnetic wave interactions with material structures. Current FDTD modeling applications range from near-DC (ultralow-frequency geo
