Hate Crime: (Critical Concepts in Criminology)

In the United Kingdom, an official definition of hate crime is ‘any criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by hostility or prejudice towards someone based on a personal characteristic’, but this critical criminological concept is increasingly recognized, theorized, and researched beyond British and North American jurisidictions. The archetypal hate crime is a racist offence, but the category can also include religiously motivated, homophobic, disablist, and transphobic crimes, and may extend to other types of victimization such as ‘gendered hostility’, ‘elder abuse’, and even attacks on alternative subcultures and violence against prostitutes and the homeless. Hate crime is widely recognized as a particularly wicked form of behaviour, not least because of the especially deleterious impact it can have upon its victims, their families, and wider communities. Now, to enable users to make sense of a complex and contested corpus of international scholarship, Routledge announces Hate Crime, a new title in its Critical Concepts in Criminology series. This four-volume ‘mini library’ enables users to consult influential texts, both old and new, and to trace the development of this important area of research and study. With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Hate Crime is an indispensable work of reference. It is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and researchers as a vital research resource.

Table of Contents:
Volume I Preface Part 1. Hate Crimes: Arguments For and Against 1. K. Ingram, Fear and Hatred: An Analysis of Hate Crime Arguments (2009). 2. C. H. Wellman, ‘A Defence of Stiffer Penalties for Hate Crime’, Hypatia 21, 2, 2006, 62-80. 3. D. M. Adams, ‘Punishing Hate and Achieving Equality’, Criminal Justice Ethics 24, 1, 2005, 19-30. 4. P. Iganski, ‘Hate Crimes Hurt More’, American Behavioural Scientist 45, 4, 2001, 626-638. 5. J. Waldron, ‘Ronald Dworkin and the Legitimacy Argument’, in The Harm in Hate Speech (Harvard University Press, 2012), pp. 173-203. 6. B. A. McPhail, ‘Hating Hate: Implications of Hate Crime Legislation’, Social Service Review 74, 4, 2000, 635-653. 7. D. M. Kahan, ‘Two Liberal Fallacies in the Hate Crime Debate’, Law and Philosophy 20, 2, 2001, 175-193. 8. H. M. Hurd, ‘Why Liberals Should Hate "Hate Crime Legislation"’, Law and Philosophy 20, 2, 2001, 215-232. 9. V. Jenness, ‘Managing Differences and Making Legislation: Social Movements and the Radicalisation, Sexualisation, and Gendering of Federal Hate Crime Law in the U.S. 1985- 1998’, Social Problems 46, 4, 1999, 548-571. 10. J. B. Jacobs and K. Potter, ‘Identity Politics and Hate Crime’, in Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 130-144. 11. J. B. Jacobs and K. Potter, ‘Policy Recommendations’, in Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 145-153. Part 2. Policing and Sentencing Hate Crime Offenders 12. C. Turpin-Petrosino, ‘Criminal Justice Responses’, in Understanding Hate Crimes: Acts Motives Victims and Justice (Routledge, 2015), pp. 170-191. 13. M. Walters, ‘Conclusion: Uncovering Hidden Truths’, in Hate Crime and Restorative Justice (Clarendon Studies in Criminology, 2014), pp. 236-260. 14. M. Walters and C. Hoyle, ‘Healing Harms and Engendering Tolerance: The Promise of Restorative Justice for Hate Crime’, in N. Chakraborti (ed.), Hate Crime: Concepts, Policy Future Directions (Willan, 2010), pp. 228-248. 15. T. Isaacs, ‘Domestic Violence and Hate Crime: Acknowledging Two Levels of Responsibility’, Criminal Justice Ethics 20, 2, 2001, 31-43. 16. N. Hall, ‘Policing Hate Crime in London and New York: Some Reflections on the Factors Influencing Effective Law Enforcement, Service Provision and Public Trust and Confidence’, International Review of Victimology 18, 1, 2012, 73-87. 17. G. Mason, J. McCulloch and J. Maher, ‘Policing Hate Crime: Markers for Negotiating Common Ground in Policy Implementation’, Policing and Society 2015. 18. N. Chakraborti, ‘A Glass Half Full? Assessing Progress in the Policing of Hate Crime’, Policing 3, 2, 2009, 121-128. 19. V. Keilinger and S. Paterson, ‘Policing Hate Crime in London’, American Behavioural Scientist 51, 2, 2007, 196-204. 20. J. G. D. Grieve, ‘Intelligence and Hate Crime’, in N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi and J. Grieve (eds), The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime (Routledge, 2014), pp. 343-355. Volume II Part 3. Victims and Perpetrators 21. Home Office/Ministry of Justice, ‘Hate Crime by Motivating Factor’, An Overview of Hate Crime in England and Wales, 2013, pp. 23-27. 22. P. Iganski, ‘Hate Crime’, in F. Brookman, M. Maguire, H. Pierpoint and T. Bennett (eds), Handbook on Hate Crime (Willan Publishing, 2010), pp. 351-365. 23. N. Hall, ‘Understanding Hate Crimes: Sociological and Criminological Perspectives’, in N. Hall A. Corb, P. Giannasi and J. Grieve (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Hate Crime (Routledge, 2015), pp. 69- 80. 24 J. Garland, ‘Difficulties in Defining Hate Crime Victimisation’, International Review of Victimology 18, 1, 2012, 25-37. 25. N. Chakraborti and J. Garland, ‘Reconceptualizing Hate Crime Victimization through the Lens of Vulnerability and "Difference"’, Theoretical Criminology 16, 4, 2012, 499-514. 26. R. Grattet, ‘The Urban Ecology of Bias Crime: A Study of Disorganised and Defended Neighbourhoods’, Social Problems 56, 1, 2009, 132-150. 27. K. Benier, R. Wickes and A. Higginson, ‘Ethnic Hate Crime in Australia: Diversity and Change in the Neighbourhood Context’, British Journal of Criminology 2015. 28. P. Iganski and A. Sweiry ‘How "Hate" Hurts Globally’, adapted and amended from P. Iganski and J. Lewin (eds), Hate Crime: A Global Perspective (Routledge, 2015). 29. K. Quarmby, ‘The Hounding of Fiona Pilkington: The Hidden Victims of Hate Crime’, in K. Quarmby (ed.), Scapegoat: Why We are Failing Disabled People (Portobello Books, 2011), pp. 151-161. Part 4. Race, Religion and Ethnicity 30. C. Turpin-Petrosino, ‘International Perspectives’, in C. Turpin-Petrosino (ed.), Understanding Hate Crimes: Acts, Motives, Victims and Justice (Routledge, 2015), pp. 191-219. 31. B. Perry, ‘Disrupting the Mantra of Multiculturalism: Hate Crime in Canada’, American Behavioral Scientist 59, 13, 2015, 1637-1654. 32. M. Duggan, ‘Sectarianism and Hate Crime in Northern Ireland’, in N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi and J. Grieve (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Hate Crime (Routledge, 2015), pp. 117-128. 33. J. M. Post, ‘When Hatred is Bred in the Bones: Psycho-cultural Foundations of Contemporary Terrorism’, Political Psychology 26, 4, 2005, 615-636. 34. I. Disha, J. Cavendish and R. D. King, ‘Historical Events and Spaces of Hate: Hate Crime against Arabs and Muslims in Post-9/11 America’, Social Problems 58, 1, 2011, 21-46. 35. D. Gadd, ‘Aggravating Racism and Elusive Motivation’, British Journal of Criminology 49, 2009, 755-771. 36. J. Glaser, J. Dixit and D. P. Green, ‘Studying Hate Crime with the Internet: What Makes Racists Advocate Racial Violence?’, Journal of Social Issues 58, 1, 2002, 177-193. 37. I. Zempi, ‘Responding to the Needs of Victims of Islamophobia’, in N. Chakraborti and J. Garland (eds), Responding to Hate Crime (Policy Press, 2015), pp. 113-125. Part 5. Hating Disability 38. Equality and Human Rights Commission, ‘Hidden in Plain Sight: Inquiry into Disability Related Harassment (Executive Summary)’, 2011, pp. 3-12. 39. E. Emerson and A. Roulstone, ‘Developing an Evidence Base for Violent and Disablist Hate Crime in Britain: Findings from the Life Opportunities Survey’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29, 17, 2014, 3086-3104. 40. S. Clement et al., ‘Disability Hate Crime and Targeted Violence and Hostility: A Mental Health and Discrimination Perspective’, Journal of Mental Health 20, 3, 2015, 219-225. 41. C. Sin, ‘Hate Crime against People with Disabilities’, N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi and J. Grieve (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Hate Crime (Routledge, 2015), pp. 193- 206. 42. C. Sin, ‘Using a "Layers of Influence" Model to Understand the Interaction of Research, Policy and Practice in Relation to Disablist Hate Crime’, in N. Chakraborti and J. Garland (eds), Responding to Hate Crime (Policy Press, 2015), pp. 99-112. 43. K. Quarmby, ‘Media Reporting and Disability Hate Crime’, in A. Roulstone and H. Mason-Bish (eds), Disability Hate Crime and Violence (Routledge, 2013), pp. 46-54. 44. J. Garland and P. Hodkinson, ‘Fxxxx freak! What the Hell Do You Think You Look Like?: Experiences of Targeted Victimization Among Goths and Developing Notions of Hate Crime’, British Journal of Criminology 54, 4, 2014, 613-631. 45. H. Mason-Bish, ‘Conceptual Issues in the Construction of Disability Hate Crime’, in A. Roulstone and H. Mason-Bish (eds), Disability Hate Crime and Violence (Routledge, 2013), pp. 15-22. 46. P. Thomas, ‘Hate Crime or Mate Crime? Disablist Hostility, Contempt and Ridicule’, in A. Roulstone and H. Mason-Bish (eds), Disability Hate Crime and Violence (Routledge, 2003), pp. 86-92. Volume III Part 6. Gender and Transgender Identity 47. L. Turner, S. Whittle and R. Combs, ‘Transphobic Hate Crime in the European Union’, (Press for Change, 2009), pp. 1-34. 48. R. Stotzer, ‘Violence Against Transgender People: A Review of United States Data’, Aggression and Violent Behavior 14, 2009, 170-179. 49. H. Mason-Bish, ‘Examining the Boundaries of Hate Crime Policy: Considering Age and Gender’, Criminal Justice Policy Review 20, 10, 2011, 1-20. 50. L. J. Moran and A. N. Sharpe, ‘Violence Identity and Policing: The Case of Violence Against Transgender People’, Criminal Justice 4, 4, 2004, 395-417. 51. E. L. Lombardi, R. A. Wilchins, D. Priesing and D. Malouf, ‘Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence Discrimination’, Journal of Homosexuality 42, 1, 2002, 89-101. 52. T. M. Witten and A. Evan Eyler, ‘Hate Crimes and Violence Against the Transgendered’, Peace Review 11, 3, 1999, 461-468. 53. K. Clements-Nolle, R. Marx and M. Katz, ‘Attempted Suicide Among Transgender Persons: The Influence of Gender-Based Discrimination and Victimization’, Journal of Homosexuality 51, 3 2006, 53-69. Part 7. The Internet 54. D. Citron, ‘Cyber Civil Rights’, Boston University Law Review 89, 2009, 61-125. 55. F. Brennan, ‘Legislating Against Internet Race Hate’, Information and Communications Technology Law 18, 2, 2009, 123-153. 56. J. Davidson, ‘Legislation and Policy: Protecting Young People, Sentencing and Managing Internet Sex Offenders’, in J. Davidson and P. Gottschalk (eds), Internet Child Abuse (Routledge, 2010), pp. 8-26. 57. J. Davidson and P. Gottschalk, ‘Characteristics of the Internet and Child Abuse’, in Online Groomers: Profiling, Policing and Prevention (Russell House Publishing, 2010), pp. 1-25. 58. E. Martellozzo, D. Nehring and H. Taylor, ‘Online Child Sexual Abuse by Female Offenders: An Exploratory Study’, International Journal of Cyber Criminology 4, 1&2, 2010, 592-609. 59. C. Marcum, ‘Battle of the Sexes: An Examination of Male and Female Cyber Bullying’, International Journal of Cyber Criminology 6, 1, 2011, 904-911. 60. D. Decary-Hetu and C. Morselli, ‘Gang Presence in Social Network Sites’, International Journal of Cyber Criminology 5, 2, 2011, 876-890. 61. L. Ellison, ‘Cyberstalking: Tackling Harassment on the Internet’, in D. Wall (ed.), Crime and the Internet (Routledge, 2001), pp 141-151. 62. D. Citron and M. Franks, ‘Criminalising Revenge Porn’, Wake Forest Law Review 49, 2014, 345-391. Volume IV Part 8. Some Policy Implications 63. European Court of Human Rights, ‘Hate Speech. A Factsheet’, November 2014. 64. J. Waldron, ‘Lecture 1. Why Call Hate Speech Group Libel?’, (Holmes Lectures) Harvard Law School, October 5-7, 2009. 65. J. Garland and N. Chakrabarti, ‘Divided by a Common Concept? Assessing the Implications of Different Conceptualisation of Hate Crime in the EU’, European Journal of Criminology 9, 1, 2012, 38-51 66. A. Baehr, ‘A Feminist Liberal Approach to Hate Crime Legislation’, Journal of Social Philosophy 34, 1, 2003, 134-152. 67. G. Mason, ‘The Symbolic Purpose of Hate Crime Law: Ideal Victims and Emotion’, Theoretical Criminology 18, 1, 2013, 75-92. 68. R. Grattet and V. Jenness, ‘Transforming Symbolic Law into Organizational Action’, Social Forces 87, 1, 2008, 501-527. 69. J. Garland, ‘One Step Forward, Two Steps Backwards? Difficulties and Dilemmas with Connecting Hate Crime Policy and Research’, Criminal Justice Policy Review, August 2015. 70. N. Chakraborti, ‘Re-thinking Hate Crime: Fresh Challenges for Policy and Practice’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30, 10, 2015, 1738-1754. 71. B. Perry and R. Scrivens, ‘The Maturation of Hate Crime Scholarship’, 2016, pp. 1-42. .