Principles of Toxicology Testing

Nationally, toxicology programs have evolved from a traditional exploration of the chemistry and applied toxicity of chemicals and drugs to a more comprehensive study of toxicology and toxicology testing as independent entities. Consequently, the second edition of Principles of Toxicology Testing starts with basic toxicological principles, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of toxins, including chemicals and drugs. The book then continues with animal (in vivo) and in vitro toxicology testing methods associated with toxicological analysis and preclinical drug development. As in the first edition, the book begins with an introduction into the fundamentals of toxicology (Section I) to prepare readers for the subsequent topics and continues through with a discussion of toxicokinetics and human risk assessment. This introductory material is useful in understanding the applications of toxicology testing. Section II describes the fundamental principles of toxicology testing in animals in greater detail. This section describes acute toxicity studies as well as subchronic and chronic studies performed on animals. Special emphasis is placed on study design and determination of classical indicators for acute and chronic testing, such as the LD50. The book examines other short- and long-term animal toxicity testing methodologies, including dermal, ocular, and reproductive toxicity testing. In addition, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies are also discussed in separate chapters. Section III introduces and discusses in vitro alternatives to animal toxicology tests. This section emphasizes cell culture methodology and cellular methods for acute systemic toxicity, target organ toxicity, and local toxicity. The contributors present the advantages and disadvantages of alternative methods. They also describe the use of high-throughput screening and its applications, the concepts of standardizatio

Table of Contents:
Basic Concepts in Toxicology Testing. Introduction to Principles of Toxicology Testing. Effects of Chemicals. Toxicokinetics. Risk Assessment and Regulatory Toxicology. Descriptive Animal Toxicology Tests. Toxicology Testing in Vivo. Acute Toxicology Testing. Subchronic and Chronic Toxicology Testing. Acute Dermal Toxicology Testing. Acute Ocular Toxicology Testing. Toxicity Testing for Fertility and Reproduction. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity Testing in Vivo. Toxicology Testing in Vitro. Introduction to In Vitro Toxicology Testing. Cell Culture Methodology. Cell Culture Methods for Acute Toxicology Testing. Acute Local Toxicology Testing in Vitro. Toxicokinetic Studies in Vitro. Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Testing in Vitro. Reproductive and Teratogenicity Studies in Vitro. High Throughput Screening and Microarray (MA) Analysis. Toxicogenomics and Epigentic Testing in Vitro. Experimental Design and Statistics. Applications of Alternative Models for Toxicology Testing.