Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures, 2nd edition

Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures, now in its second edition, provides a comprehensive and complete overview of all kinds of dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures throughout the world. The reader is guided through different aspects of dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures in 35 chapters, which are subdivided in five themes: I. Dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures – General; II. Embankment dams; III. Concrete dams; IV. Hydromechanical equipment and appurtenant hydraulic structures; V. Hydraulic schemes. Subjects treated are general questions, design, construction, surveillance, maintenance and reconstruction of various embankment and concrete dams, hydromechanical equipment, spillway structures, bottom outlets, special hydraulic structures, composition of structures in river hydraulic schemes, reservoirs, environmental effects of river hydraulic schemes and reservoirs and environmental protection. Special attention is paid to advanced methods of static and dynamic analysis of embankment dams. The wealth of experience gained by the author over the course of 35 years of research and practice is incorporated in this richly-illustrated, fully revised, updated and expanded edition. For the original Macedonian edition of Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures, Ljubomir Tanchev was awarded the Goce Delchev Prize, the highest state prize for achievements in science in the Republic of Macedonia. This work is intended for senior students, researchers and professionals in civil, hydraulic and environmental engineering and dam construction and exploitation.

Table of Contents:
Preface Preface to the first edition PART 1 Dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures – General 1 Utilization of water resources by means of hydraulic structures 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Hydraulic structures (definition, classification) 1.3 General features of hydraulic structures 1.4 Intent of dams. Elements of a dam and a reservoir 1.5 Appurtenant hydraulic structures 1.6 Short review of the historical development of hydraulic structures 2 Foundations of dams 2.1 Foundations for hydraulic structures in general 2.2 Rock foundations 2.3 Semi-rock and soil foundations 2.4 Requirements for the foundation 2.5 Investigation works regarding dam foundations 2.5.1 Indirect investigation methods 2.5.2 Direct investigation methods 2.5.3 Sampling 2.5.4 Testing 2.6 Improvement of foundations 3 Seepage through dams 3.1 Action of seepage flow 3.2 Mechanical action of seepage flow on the earth’s skeleton 3.3 Seepage resistance of earth foundations and structures 3.4 Theoretical aspects of seepage 3.5 Practical solution of the problem of seepage 3.6 Seepage in anisotropic soil conditions 3.7 Seepage in non-homogeneous soil conditions 3.8 Seepage of water through rock foundations 3.9 Lateral seepage 3.10 Seepage through the body of concrete dams 4 Forces and loadings on dams 4.1 Forces and loadings on dams in general 4.2 Forces from hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure 4.3 Influence of cavitation and aeration on hydraulic structures 4.4 Influence from waves 4.5 Influence of ice and water sediment 4.6 Seismic forces 4.7 Temperature effects 4.7.1 Temperature effects on embankment dams 4.7.2 Temperature effects on concrete structures 5 Designing hydraulic structures 5.1 Basic stages in the process of the creation and use of hydraulic structures 5.2 Investigation for design and construction of hydraulic structures 5.3 Contents of the hydraulic design and design phases 5.4 Project management and the role of legislation PART 2 Embankment dams 6 Embankment dams – general 6.1 Introduction, terminology, and classification 6.2 Historical development of embankment dams 6.3 Dimensions of the basic elements of embankment dams 6.4 Choice of the dam site 6.5 Materials for construction of embankment dams 6.6 Choice of type of embankment dam 6.7 Tailings dams 6.7.1 Definition and general features 6.7.2 Classification of tailings dams 6.7.3 Methods of construction of tailings dams 7 Seepage through embankment dams 7.1 Kinds of seepage through the embankment dam body 7.2 Seepage line and hydrodynamic net in embankment dams 7.3 Measures against the harmful effect of seepage 7.3.1 Action against local seepage rising 7.3.2 Action against internal erosion 7.4 Calculations of the casual seepage strength of earthfill dams 8 Static stability of embankment dams 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classical methods 8.2.1 Method of slices 8.2.2 Wedge method 8.2.3 States in which stability of embankment dams is examined 8.2.4 Stability of rockfill dams 8.3 Advanced methods 8.3.1 Application of the Finite Element Method 8.3.2 Specific properties of the application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for analysis of embankment dams 8.3.3 Choice of constitutive law 8.3.4 Simulation for dam construction in layers 8.3.5 Simulation for filling the reservoir and the effect of water 8.3.6 Collapse settlement 8.3.7 Simulation of behaviour at the interfaces of different materials 8.3.8 Analysis of consolidation 8.3.9 Creep of materials in the body of embankment dams 8.3.10 Three-dimensional analysis 9 Dynamic stability of embankment dams 9.1 Effect of earthquakes on embankment dams 9.2 Assessment of design earthquake 9.2.1 Strength, attenuation, and amplification of earthquakes 9.2.2 Design earthquake 9.3 Liquefaction 9.4 Analysis of stability and deformations in embankment dams induced by earthquakes 9.4.1 Pseudo-static method 9.4.2 Pseudo-static methods with a non-uniform coefficient of acceleration 9.4.3 Equivalent linear method 9.4.4 Pure nonlinear response method 9.5 Case studies of recent actual events 9.5.1 Case study of Aratozawa dam (Japan, 2008) 9.5.2 Case study of Zipingpu dam (China, 2008) 10 Earthfill dams 10.1 Classification and construction of earthfill dams 10.2 Structural details for earthfill dams 10.2.1 Slope protection 10.2.2 Water-impermeable elements 10.2.3 Drainages 10.3 Preparation of the foundation and the joint between earthfill dams and the foundation 10.3.1 Preparation of the general foundation 10.3.2 Preparation of the foundation when using a dam cutoff trench 10.3.3 Joint of the earthfill dam and the foundation 11 Earth–rock dams 11.1 Construction of earth–rock dams 11.2 Earth–rock dams with vertical core 11.3 Earth–rock dams with a sloping core 11.4 Earth–rock dams of `soft’ rocks 11.5 Fissures in the core of earth–rock dams 11.5.1 Kinds of fissures and causes for their occurrence 11.5.2 Measures for preventing the occurrence of fissures 11.6 Designing earth–rock dams in seismically active areas 12 Rockfill dams with reinforced concrete facing 12.1 Definition, field of application and construction 12.2 Modern dams with reinforced concrete facing 12.2.1 Rockfill dam body 12.2.2 Concrete plinth 12.2.3 Concrete face slabs 12.2.4 Joints for reinforced concrete facing slabs 12.2.5 Perimeter joint 12.2.6 Parapet wall and camber 12.3 Construction of the reinforced concrete facing 12.4 Examples of modern CFRDs 12.4.1 Examples from the period 1971–1980 12.4.2 Examples from the period 1982–2000 12.4.3 First decade of XXI century 12.5 Concrete facings of non-conventional concrete 13 Rockfill dams with asphaltic concrete and other types of facings 13.1 Rockfill dams with asphaltic concrete facing 13.1.1 General characteristics 13.1.2 Composition and characteristics of hydraulic asphaltic concrete 13.1.3 Construction of the asphaltic concrete facings 13.1.4 Joint of the lining with a gallery or concrete cutoff in dam’s toe 13.1.5 Joint of the facing with dam’s crest 13.2 Rockfill dams with steel facing 13.3 Rockfill dams with facing of geomembrane 13.3.1 General 13.3.2 Examples of rockfill dams with geomembrane facing 14 Rockfill dams with internal non-earth core 14.1 Rockfill dams with asphaltic concrete core 14.1.1 Function, conditions of work and materials 14.1.2 Structure of the asphaltic concrete cores 14.1.3 Recent examples 14.1.4 Joint of asphaltic concrete core with the foundation and lateral concrete structures 14.2 Other types of non-earth cores 14.2.1 Concrete core walls 14.2.2 Grout and plastic concrete walls (cores) 14.3 Stability of earth-rock dams with asphaltic concrete core 15 Monitoring and surveillance of embankment dams 15.1 Task and purpose of monitoring 15.2 Monitoring of pore pressure and seepage 15.2.1 Hydraulic piezometers 15.2.2 Electric piezometers 15.2.3 Monitoring of seepage 15.3 Monitoring of displacements 15.3.1 Measurement of displacements at the surface of the dam 15.3.2 Measuring displacements in the interior of the dam 15.4 Measurements of stresses 15.5 Seismic measurements 15.6 General principles on the selection and positioning layout of measuring instruments PART 3 Concrete dams 16 Gravity dams on rock foundations 16.1 Gravity dams in general 16.2 Mass concrete for dams 16.2.1 General 16.2.2 Constituent elements of mass concrete 16.2.3 Parameters of concrete mixture 16.2.4 Fabrication and placing of concrete 16.3 Cross-section of gravity dams 16.3.1 Cross-sections in general 16.3.2 Theoretical cross-section 16.3.3 Practical cross-section 16.4 Dimensioning of concrete gravity dams 16.4.1 Elementary methods 16.4.2 Modern methods 16.5 Determination of stresses 16.5.1 Determination of stresses by the gravitational method 16.5.2 Calculation of stresses by using the theory of elasticity 16.5.3 Calculation of stresses by using the Finite Element Method 16.5.4 Influence of temperature changes, shrinkage and expansion of concrete on stresses in dams 16.5.5 Permissible stresses and cracks 16.6 General structural features of gravity dams 16.7 Stability of gravity dams on rock foundation 16.7.1 Dam sliding and shearing across foundation 16.8 Hollow gravity dams 17 Gravity dams on soil foundations 17.1 Fundamentals of gravity dams on soil foundation 17.2 Schemes for the underground contour of the dam 17.3 Determination of basic dimensions of underground contour 17.4 Construction of elements of the underground contour 17.5 Construction of dam body 17.6 Dimensioning and stability of gravity dams on soil foundation 18 Roller-compacted concrete gravity dams 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Characteristics of roller-compacted concrete 18.2.1 Roller-compacted concrete mixture, placement and properties 18.2.2 Lift joint bond 18.3 Types of roller-compacted concrete 18.4 Trends in development of dams made of roller-compacted concrete 18.5 Improving the water-impermeability of dams made of roller-compacted concrete 18.6 Cost of dams made of roller-compacted concrete 18.7 Examples of dams made of roller-compacted concrete 18.7.1 Examples of the early period of construction of RCC dams 18.7.2 Examples from recent practice 18.7.3 RCC dam construction practice in China 18.7.4 RCC dam construction practice in Spain 18.7.5 RCC dam construction practice in Japan 18.8 Hardfill dams 18.8.1 Basic idea and concept 18.8.2 Hardfill as a dam construction material 18.8.3 Design of hardfill dams 18.8.4 Main features and field of application 19 Buttress dams 19.1 Definition, classification, and general conceptions 19.2 Massive-head buttress dams 19.3 Flat-slab buttress dams 19.4 Multiple-arch buttress dams 19.5 Conditions for application of buttress dams 20 Arch dams 20.1 Arch dams in general – classification 20.2 Development of arch dams through the centuries 20.3 Methods of designing arch dams 20.3.1 Basic design 20.3.2 Arch dams with double curvature 20.3.3 Form of arches in plan and adaptation to ground conditions 20.4 Structural details of arch dams 20.5 Roller-compacted concrete arch dams 20.6 Static analysis of arch dams 20.6.1 Method of independent arches 20.6.2 Method of central cantilever 20.6.3 The trial-load method 20.6.4 The Finite Element Method 20.6.5 The experimental method 21 Dynamic stability of concrete dams 21.1 Earthquake effects on concrete dams 21.2 Methods for dynamic analysis of concrete dams 21.2.1 Linear analysis and response of the structure 21.2.2 Nonlinear analysis and the response of the dam 21.2.3 Dynamic analysis of RCC and hardfill dams 21.3 Knowledge gained from practice and experiments 21.3.1 Knowledge gained from case studies 21.3.2 Laboratory and field experiments 21.4 Recommendation for design and construction of concrete dams in seismically active areas 22 Monitoring and surveillance of concrete dams 22.1 Monitoring, surveillance, and instrumentation of concrete dams – general 22.2 Monitoring by precise survey methods 22.3 Surveillance with embedded instruments 22.4 Automatization and computerization of monitoring PART 4 Hydromechanical equipment and appurtenant hydraulic structures 23 Mechanical equipment and appurtenant hydraulic structures – general 23.1 Hydromechanical equipment – general 23.1.1 Introduction 23.1.2 Classification of gates and valves 23.1.3 Forces acting on gates and valves 23.2 Mechanisms for lifting and lowering of the gates and valves. Service bridges 23.3 Installation and service of gates and valves 23.4 Appurtenant hydraulic structures 23.4.1 Definition, function and capacity 23.4.2 Classification of spillways and bottom outlets 23.5 Evacuation of overflowing waters via a chute spillway 23.6 Energy dissipation of the spillway jet 23.7 Selection of type of spillway structure 24 Surface (crest) gates 24.1 Basic schemes of surface (crest) gates 24.2 Surface (crest) gates transferring water pressure to side walls or piers 24.2.1 Ordinary plain metal gates 24.2.2 Special plain gates 24.2.3 Stop-log gates 24.2.4 Radial gates 24.2.5 Roller gates 24.3 Surface (crest) gates transferring the water pressure to the gate sill 24.3.1 Sector and drum gates 24.3.2 Flap gates 24.3.3 Bear-trap gates 24.3.4 Inflatable gates 25 High-head gates and valves 25.1 General characteristics – classification 25.2 High-head gates transferring pressure to the structure directly through their supports 25.2.1 Plain high-head gates 25.2.2 Radial (tainter) high-head gates 25.2.3 Diaphragm gate 25.3 Valves transferring the pressure through the shell encasing the valve 25.3.1 Waterworks valve types 25.3.2 Disc-like or butterfly valves 25.3.3 Cone valve 25.3.4 Needle valves and spherical valves 25.4 Cylindrical balanced high-head valves 26 Spillways passing through the dam’s body 26.1 Crest spillways 26.1.1 Crest spillways at concrete dams 26.1.2 Crest spillways at embankment dams 26.2 High-head spillway structures 27 Spillways outside the dam’s body 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Overfall (ogee) spillway structure 27.3 Side-channel spillway 27.4 Shaft (morning glory) spillway 27.4.1 Shaft spillway with circular funnel crest 27.4.2 Special types of shaft spillways 27.4.3 Tower spillway 27.5 Labyrinth spillway 27.6 Siphon spillways 28 Bottom outlet works 28.1 Basic assumptions on designing bottom outlet works 28.2 Bottom outlet works in concrete dams 28.3 Bottom outlet works in embankment dams 29 Special hydraulic structures 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Transport structures 29.3 Hydraulic structures for the admission and protection of fish 30 River diversion during the construction of the hydraulic scheme 30.1 River diversion during the construction of dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures – general 30.2 Construction of the structures without river diversion from the parent river channel 30.2.1 Method with damming of the construction (foundation) pit 30.2.2 Method without damming of the construction pit 30.3 Construction of the structures with river diversion from the river channel 30.3.1 Types of cofferdams PART 5 Hydraulic schemes 31 Composition of structures in river hydraulic schemes 31.1 Definition and classification of hydraulic schemes 31.2 General conditions and principles for the composition of hydraulic schemes 31.3 Characteristics of river hydraulic schemes for different water economy branches 31.4 Aesthetic shaping of hydraulic schemes 31.5 River hydraulic schemes without pressure head 31.6 Low-head hydraulic schemes 31.7 Medium-head river hydraulic schemes 32 High-head river hydraulic schemes 32.1 High-head river hydraulic schemes on mountain rivers (type I) 32.2 High-head hydraulic schemes on middle and low parts of rivers 32.3 Pumped-storage hydraulic scheme 33 Reservoirs 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Formation and safety of reservoirs 33.2.1 Stability of reservoir banks 33.2.2 Water-impermeability of the reservoir 33.2.3 Seismicity of the ground in the zone of the reservoir 33.2.4 Water absorption of the ground in the zone of the reservoir 33.2.5 Evaporation 33.2.6 Sediment accumulation 33.3 Resettlement of population and relocation of structures 33.4 Sports and recreational facilities 34 Negative effects of hydraulic schemes and environmental protection 34.1 Types of negative effects on the environment 34.1.1 Changing the land into the area of the reservoir 34.1.2 Change of the flow downstream of the dam 34.1.3 Damming the migration paths of fish and wild animals 34.1.4 Change in the surrounding landscape and the microclimate 34.2 Social and ecological monitoring 34.3 Environmental protection – selection of a solution with minimum negative effects on the environment 35 Restoration and reconstruction of hydraulic schemes 35.1 Need for restoration and reconstruction 35.2 Restoration of dams and hydraulic schemes 35.3 Reconstruction of hydraulic schemes References Subject index Index of dams

About the Author :
Ljubomir Tanchev was born in 1945 in Prilep (Republic of Macedonia). He moved to Skopje in 1950 where he finished the primary and secondary school and graduated in Civil Engineering from the Sts Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje. He obtained his M.Sc. in 1980 and was awarded his Ph.D. on the subject of Numerical analysis of embankment dams from the same university in 1987. In 1978/79 he completed a post-graduate study at IHE in Delft, The Netherlands. He began his career working in the laboratory for testing of materials of the CC "Mavrovo" (Skopje) as a research engineer between 1972 and 1977. Then he joined the Sts Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, as assistant. In 1988 he was appointed Assistant Professor, in 1992 Associate Professor and in 1996 Professor, covering the topics of Dams and Hydraulic Structures. He has been Head of the Department of Hydraulic Structures, vice-Dean and from October 1999 till October 2003 Dean of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sts Cyril and Methodius University. He retired in October 2010, but is still active in various projects. He was president of the Macedonian Committee on Large Dams (a member of ICOLD) from May 2004 till June 2013. Over his 40 years of practice, Professor Tanchev has been involved in many hydraulic engineering projects as a designer, consultant, and supervisor. He has published more than 50 scientific works and he is the author of three books published in Macedonian: Static analysis of embankment dams (1989), Hydraulic structures (1992) and Dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures (1999). For the latter book, Prof. Tanchev was awarded the Goce Delchev Prize, the highest state prize for achievement in the sciences. The first English edition of Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures was published in 2005 by CRC Press / Balkema.

Review :
Because of the simple and straightforward language used by the author throughout the text, reading this book is very pleasant. The book's content covers a wide range of disciplines including the initial studies for implementation of the dam, design, construction and operation of hydraulic schemes. The most important issues of design and construction of dams and associated structures are analysed and described in depth, giving the reader a complete overview on the subject. The presentation of the themes is done in a didactic way, and the book can be used as a manual for engineering of dams. [...] All chapters are profusely documented with drawings, charts, and photos of recent examples of achievement. Figures and photographs are of high quality. [...] In short, the updated edition is an indispensable tool for both advanced students and practising engineers of design and operation of dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures. Paulo Erbisti, Engineering Consultant, Brazil The first edition of the Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures treatise [...] was in my opinion one of the best ever books written on dams, providing a complete and comprehensive picture of dams and the appurtenant hydraulic structures which are essential for their safety. I am pleasantly surprised that after only 10 years the author brings to the dam community an even better book, the second revised and enriched edition. The prime added value of this new edition is the extension of the embankment dam part, focusing on new achievements in concepts and on updated methods of analysis. Special attention is given to the advanced methods of static and dynamic analysis of embankment dams. All valuable papers in the field are reviewed and pertinent syntheses are included in the book. The second major contribution of the new edition is the chapters concerning the new types of concrete dams - roller-compacted concrete gravity dams, hardfill dams and roller-compacted concrete arch dams. I strongly recommend the book to professionals. It is also an excellent textbook for (graduate) students in civil, hydraulic and environmental engineering. Prof. Dan Stematiu, Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania The reader will find that the book provides a wealth of examples of all kinds of existing dam projects worldwide. By providing a complete and comprehensive picture of dams the author's work ensures that this book will be a frequently consulted reference for those having frontline experience as dam construction engineers, planners, superintendents, designers and graduate students to increase their knowledge and expertise in this field. Fidencio Mendez, Consulting Engineer, Guadalajara, Mexico The enhanced 2nd edition of the reference book by L. Tancev on Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures has recently been published. This is not only an important reference book for dam engineers but all engineers, students and interested people, who want to understand the technical aspects of dams. The author has discussed the various aspects of dam engineering and the possible solutions based on a large number of case studies rather than focusing on pure analysis aspects. It is obvious that before any analysis can be done, the problem and the possible solutions must be understood first and it has to be demonstrated that the solutions are feasible, which is shown by the examples given. [...] The author has also shown that many solutions for dams are possible depending on the topography and geology as well as on the flood and seismic hazards at the site. Therefore all dams are prototypes and none is like the other. The emphasis of the book is clearly on dams. However, appurtenant hydraulic structures such as spillways, surface and high head gates, bottom outlets, run-of-river power plants, locks, and pump storage plants are also discussed. This book provides an overview on both the state-of-practice and state-of-the-art in dam engineering and is written in a way that it can easily be understood by non-experts as well. The book is very useful and is highly recommended. Dr. Martin Wieland, Chairman Committee on Seismic Aspects of Dam Design (International Commission on Large Dams), c/o Poyry Switzerland Ltd., Zurich/Switzerland