Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact

Since the publication of the first edition, important developments have emerged in modern mushroom biology and world mushroom production and products. The relationship of mushrooms with human welfare and the environment, medicinal properties of mushrooms, and the global marketing value of mushrooms and their products have all garnered great attention, identifying the need for an updated, authoritative reference. Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact, Second Edition presents the latest cultivation and biotechnological advances that contribute to the modernization of mushroom farming and the mushroom industry. It describes the individual steps of the complex mushroom cultivation process, along with comprehensive coverage of mushroom breeding, efficient cultivation practices, nutritional value, medicinal utility, and environmental impact. Maintaining the format, organization, and focus of the previous edition, this thoroughly revised edition includes the most recent research findings and many new references. It features new chapters on medicinal mushrooms and the effects of pests and diseases on mushroom cultivation. There are also updated chapters on specific edible mushrooms, and an expanded chapter on technology and mushrooms. Rather than providing an encyclopedic review, this book emphasizes worldwide trends and developments in mushroom biology from an international perspective. It takes an interdisciplinary approach that will appeal to industrial and medical mycologists, mushroom growers, botanists, plant pathologists, and professionals and scientists in related fields. This book illustrates that mushroom cultivation has and will continue to have a positive global impact on long-term food nutrition, health care, environmental conservation and regeneration, and economic and social change.

Table of Contents:
OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE MUSHROOMS? Definition Characteristics of Mushrooms Categories of Mushrooms Poisonous Mushrooms MAGNITUDE OF MUSHROOM SPECIES ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MUSHROOMS AND FUNGI IN GENERAL COLLECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MUSHROOMS Field Collection Preserving the Collection Precautions in the Use of Keys JUSTIFICATION FOR THE TERM "MUSHROOM BIOLOGY" IMPACT OF MUSHROOM BIOLOGY ON HUMAN WELFARE MUSHROOM SCIENCE Definition Contributing Fields Mushroom Cultivation Technology Development of Mushroom Science Mushroom Biotechnology Nongreen Revolution References THE NUTRITIONAL ATTRIBUTES OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS INTRODUCTION NUTRITIONAL ATTRIBUTES Protein Essential Amino Acids Fat Vitamins Carbohydrates and Fiber Minerals Nucleic Acids General Considerations REFERENCES MEDICINAL VALUES INTRODUCTION MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF THESE MUSHROOMS Hematological Antiviral Antitumor Antioxidant Activity Cardiovascular and Renal Carcinogenicity of Mushrooms Allergic Reaction to Spores General Considerations REFERENCES OVERVIEW OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE FUNGI INTRODUCTION THE FUNGI Distinguishing Characteristics Habitats Role in Nature Classification VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE OF FUNGI Hyphae Organelles Septal Structures Secondary Mycelium of Basidiomycetes Cell Walls Unicellular Fungi GROWTH Growth Kinetics of Unicellular Fungi Filamentous Fungi SPECIALIZED VEGETATIVE STRUCTURES SPECIALIZED REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES Sexual Non-sexual REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH Nutritional Requirements Physical Requirements Transport and Translocation METABOLISM Carbon Nitrogen Lipids REPRODUCTION Introduction Sexual Non-sexual Spore Germination RELATIONSHIP OF FUNGI WITH OTHER ORGANISMS - SYMBIOSES Parasitism Mutualism Saprophytism CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FUNGI Proximate Composition of Fungal Cells Edible Mushrooms REFERENCES SUBSTRATE AND MYCELIAL GROWTH INTRODUCTION GENERAL NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MUSHROOM GROWTH PREPARATION OF SUBSTRATE Composting Microorganisms Involved During Composting BREAKDOWN OF SUBSTRATES BY EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES OF MUSHROOM MYCELIUM GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF MUSHROOM CULTURE IN REGARD TO SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION BY INCREASED PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES REFERENCES SEXUALITY AND THE GENETICS OF BASIDIOMYCETES DISCOVERY OF SEXUALITY BY KNIEP AND BENSAUDE Tetrapolarity Clamp Connection Formation OTHER EARLY FINDINGS IN SEXUALITY IN BASIDIOMYCETES Results of Tetrad Analysis "Geographical Races" Bipolarity Illegitimate Matings "Buller Phenomenon" (=Di-Mon Mating) REACTIONS OTHER THAN THOSE FORMING DIKARYON GENETICS OF THE MATING TYPE LOCI AND SEXUAL MORPHOGENESIS IN SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE Schizophyllum commune The A Locus of S. commune The Two-Locus Mating Type Factor Occurs Elsewhere Findings from Molecular Genetic Studies Sexual Morphogenesis GENETICS OF FUNGI Induction of Mutants Isolation of Mutants Characterization of Mutants Utilization of Methods of Molecular Biology in Genetic Studies of Fungi REFERENCES MUSHROOM FORMATION: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL, NUTRITIONAL, AND CHEMICAL FACTORS INTRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT OF FRUITING BODIES Role of Fruiting Bodies Variation in Fruiting Body Structure Primordium Function Primordium Development Types of Hyphae in Fruiting Bodies Growth of Agaricus ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND FRUITING Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) Temperature Aeration Light Gravity NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND FRUITING Concentration of Nutrients Nature of Carbohydrate Nitrogen Mineral Nutrition Vitamins CHEMICAL FACTORS AND FRUITING Melanin Production and Perithecial Development in Podospora Morphogenesis in Schizophyllum commune Effect of Cyclic AMP SUMMARY REFERENCES MUSHROOM FORMATION: EFFECTS OF GENETIC FACTORS; BREEDING INTRODUCTION GENETIC FACTORS FOR FRUITING IMPOSED UPON THE MATING TYPE REQUIREMENTS Schizophyllum commune Lentinula GENETICS OF FRUITING OF POLYPORUS CILIATUS No Subunits of Incompatibility Factors Genetic Control of Monokaryotic Fruiting MONOKARYOTIC FRUITING Species in Which Monokaryotic Fruiting Has Been Reported Induction Relationship with Dikaryotic Fruiting Potential in Mushroom Cultivation BREEDING FOR DESIRED MUSHROOM FEATURES Extension of Temperature Range Utilization of substrates Sporeless Fruiting Bodies General Techniques of Breeding For Strain Improvement REFERENCES MUSHROOM FORMATION: EFFECTS OF PESTS AND DISEASES IN MUSHROOM CULTIVATION INTRODUCTION History of Mushroom Cultivation and Diseases VIRAL DISEASES History Symptoms Diagnosis Virus morphology Epidemiology Patch Diseases BACTERIAL DISEASES Introduction and Various Mushroom Diseases Caused by Bacteria Management For Control of Burkholderia gladioli pv agaricicola FUNGAL DISEASES Introduction Mycoparasites Competitor Weed Fungi NEMATODE DISEASES Types of Nematodes INSECT DISEASES Introduction Insects That Serve As Agents of Diseases in Mushroom Houses ACTIVITY OF MITES IN MUSHROOM CULTIVATION Genera Found During Mushroom Cultivation Economic Importance REFERENCES CULTURE PRESERVATION INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES METHODS Short Term Storage Long Term Storage A Useful Technique in Genetic Studies CONCLUSION REFERENCES WORLD PRODUCTION OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS INTRODUCTION SPECIES CULTIVATED COMMERCIALLY Agaricus bisporus Lentinula edodes Volvariella volvacea Flammulina velutipes Auricularia spp. Pleurotus spp. Pholiota nameko Tremella fuciformis Recently commercially Cultivated Mushroom Species Mycorrhizal Fungi - Tuber, Tricholoma GENERAL KNOWLEDGE WHICH MUSHROOM GROWERS SHOULD POSSESS TRENDS Production methods breaking the barriers of climate and geography World production of mushrooms Utilization of various wastes as substrates Ten Key Guidelines for Mushroom Farming CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES AGARICUS - THE LEADER IN PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT IN THE INDUSTRY France Great Britain The Netherlands The United States Italy Ireland Taiwan South Korea China General Remarks COMPOST MATERIALS AND COMPOSTING Compost Materials Amount of Compost Material Composting SPAWN AND SPAWNING Definition Preparation of Spawn Spawning CASING HARVESTING REFERENCES LENTINULA - A MUSHROOMING MUSHROOM INTRODUCTION EARLY HISTORY OF CULTIVATION MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS OF CULTIVATION GENERAL REVIEW OF PRODUCTION CULTIVATION IN WOOD LOGS Preparation of Logs Preparation of Spawn Inoculation of Spawn into Logs Laying Logs for Mycelial Running Management of the Raising Yard for Fruiting Cropping CULTIVATION IN POLYPROPYLENE BAGS ("BAG LOG" CULTIVATION) Materials Inoculation Incubation Fruiting Proper Care of the Bag Log SPECIAL CULTIVATION PRACTICES Taiwan China FRUITING IN LIQUID MEDIA Experiments with Lentinula Generalizations DRYING AND STORAGE REFERENCES VOLVARIELLA - A HIGH TEMPERATURE CULTIVATED MUSHROOM INTRODUCTION BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Morphological Characteristics Requirements for Mycelial Growth Requirements for fruiting body formation CULTIVATION METHODS Production of Spawn Mushroom Production HARVESTING AND PROCESSING Harvesting Processing SPECIAL CULTIVATION PRACTICE Rural Spawn Station in Ping-shan County, Hebei Province, China Technique of Cultivation of Straw Mushrooms in Green Poplar Village, Ping-shang County, Hebei Province, China SOME SPECIAL METHODS AND THEIR RATIONALE The Phenomenon of Early Fruiting Insect Enemy of Straw Mushrooms - Nematodes Coprinus - Fungal Competitor of Volvariella REFERENCES FLAMMULINA AND PHOLIOTA LOW TEMPERATURE CULTIVATED MUSHROOMS INTRODUCTION BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAMMULINA Morphology Natural History Requirements for Mycelial Growth Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOLIOTA Morphology Natural History Requirements for Mycelial Growth Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation CULTIVATION METHODS Flammulina Pholiota REFERENCES PLEUROTUS - A MUSHROOM OF BROAD ADAPTABILITY INTRODUCTION BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Morphology of Sporophores Sexuality Requirements for Mycelial Growth Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation NUTRITIONAL VALUES AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES Nutritional Values Medicinal Properties CULTIVATION METHODS Production of Spawn Production of Mushrooms HARVESTING AND PROCESSING SPECIAL CULTIVATION PRACTICE REFERENCES TREMELLA - INCREASED PRODUCTION BY A MIXED CULTURE TECHNIQUE INTRODUCTION BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Morphology Natural History Requirements for Mycelial Growth Requirements for Fruiting Body Formation CULTIVATION METHODS Wood Log Culture Plastic Bag Culture SPECIAL CULTIVATION PRACTICES Cultivation on Cottonseed Hulls in Gutian County, Fujian Province, China Mixed Culture Cultivation of the "Golden Ear" Mushroom HARVESTING AND PROCESSING REFERENCES DICTYOPHORA - FORMERLY FOR THE FEW INTRODUCTION BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Morphology Natural History Requirements for Mycelial Growth Requirements for Fu\ruiting Body Formation CULTIVATION METHODS Cultivation in Forests Indoor Cultivation HARVESTING AND PROCESSING Harvest Time and Method Rapid Drying Grading and Packaging REFERENCES GANODERMA LUCIDUM - A LEADER OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS INTRODUCTION BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Taxonomic Characteristics Morphological Characteristics Growth Parameters CULTIVATION OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM TRADITIONAL USES BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS Triterpenes/Triterpenoids Polysaccharide Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein (Fip) Steroids CONTEMPORARY USES PRODUCTS OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM MARKET VALUE OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM PRODUCTS A PROTOCOL FOR QUALITY MUSHROOM NUTRICEUTICALS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Agaricua blazei and Grifola frondosa - Two Important Medicinal Mushrooms INTRODUCTION BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AGARICUS BLAZEI History Morphology Requirements for Growth BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRIFOLA FRONDOSA History Morphology Requirements for Growth CULTIVATION METHODS Agaricus blazei Grifola frondosa NUTRITIONAL CONTENT AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES Agaricus blazei Grifola frondosa REFERENCES OTHER CULTIVATED MUSHROOMS - THEIR NUMBER GROWS INTRODUCTION AURICULARIA HERICIUM BRIEFLY MENTIONED Mycorrhizal Mushrooms Species With Regional Appeal REFERENCES TECHNOLOGY AND MUSHROOMS INTRODUCTION MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY What is Biotechnology? Lignocellulose Degradation and Utilization BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE MUSHROOM INDUSTRY General Review of Mushroom Production Major Steps of Mushroom Technology SOME FUNGAL GENETIC TECHNIQUES AND THEIR POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS Protoplast Fusion for Genetic Manipulation Di-Mon Matings and Sporeless Mutants Breeding for High-Temperature Strains Conservation of Germplasm POTENTIAL USE OF MUSHROOM MYCELIUM SOME OBSERVATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS Mushroom Cultivation Criteria for Study of Major Phases of Cultivation Problems in Cultivation in Developing Countries Prospects for Mushroom Cultivation in Developing Countries REFERENCES