Resource Efficiency Complexity and the Commons: The Paracommons and Paradoxes of Natural Resource Losses, Wastes and Wastages

Featuring contributions from leading scholars of Iranian studies and / or comparative literature, this edited comprehensive and critical edited collection provides detailed scholarly analysis of Hedayat's life and work using a variety of methodological and conceptual approaches. Hedayat is the author of The Blind Owl, the most famous Persian novel both in Iran and in Europe and America. Many of his short stories are in a critical realist style and are regarded as among some of the best written in twentieth century Iran. But his most original contribution was the use of modernist, more often surrealist, techniques in Persian fiction. Thus, he was not only a great writer, but also the founder of modernism in Persian fiction. Yet both Hedayat's life and his death came to symbolize much more than leading writers would normally claim. He still towers over modern Persian fiction and will remain a highly controversial figure so long as the clash of the modern and the traditional, the Persian and the European, and the religious and the secular, has not led to a synthesis and a consensus.

Table of Contents:
1. A Preliminary Explanation of the Paracommons 2. Main Introduction and the Scope of the Book 3. On Resource Efficiency; Multiple Views 4. A Framework of Resource Efficiency Complexity 5. The Liminal Paracommons – Efficiency and Transition 6. Distinctions Between the Commons and Paracommons 7. Significances and Applications of the Paracommons 8. Conclusions

About the Author :
Bruce Lankford is Professor of Water and Irrigation Policy at the School of International Development, University of East Anglia, UK. He has 30 years’ experience in the field of land and water development, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and is a co-founder of the UEA Water Security Research Centre.

Review :
"Throughout the world, water managers and users face numerous concerns that collectively define a water crisis: growing competition for supplies of water, the need to grow more food with limited water, environmental pollution and degradation, and dealing with floods and droughts. Gains in water use efficiency are frequently hailed as the number one solution. However, others have pointed out that misuse and misunderstanding around efficiency could lead to counterproductive action - if farmers consume more scarce water supplies by becoming more efficient they may leave less for others - or that efficiency gains could result in less return flows back to the environment. Ultimately a more complete picture of water efficiency is required. Bruce Lankford addresses these critical issues head on, unpacking the term efficiency in water resource management to understand the winners and losers, costs and benefits of our water actions. This book is essential for water practitioners and researchers, and others involved in natural resource management, if we really want progress in water management." - David Molden, Director General, ICIMOD, Nepal "This book is excellent. Virtually all the themes the author writes about are crucial to water (and energy and other paracommons resources) today and into the future. Efficiency, internalizing 'waste' as a resource, and tradeoffs in recapturing losses are treated here with profound insight, illustrated by conceptual figures, and demonstrated through case examples. The implications of this new way of thinking are only beginning to be felt, and so this volume is especially timely -- a "must read" for researchers, agency and NGO managers, and policy-makers alike." - Christopher Scott, Associate Professor, and 1885 Society Distinguished Scholar, University of Arizona "Bruce Lankford has written an exciting and innovative book. Resource Efficiency Complexity and the Commons develops the novel concept of 'the paracommons' through which savings of increased resource use efficiency can be viewed. It throws a new and bright light on how these efficiency gains in resource use may be made and transmitted and who benefits from them. Policy makers, scientific advisors and members of select committees should read this book, as well as graduates, research students and academic faculty." - Piers Blaikie, Emeritus Professor, University of East Anglia "This unique book introduces a challenging and controversial concept, demonstrating its utility through thought-provoking examples that also provide a high-level overview of natural resource management and sustainability studies. Of great interest to a broad audience, the text will be widely read and is certain to generate a lot of much-needed discussion among experts in those fields and in related areas of study." - Paul Trawick, Chair, Dept. of Anthropology, Idaho State University "Efforts to raise resource efficiency and, concomitantly, reduce resource losses are expected to intensify as scarcity and linkages between resources are increasing. Yet such resource redistributions are often associated with greater uncertainty and complexity than is commonly acknowledged. Concentrating on physical resource efficiency, the book by Bruce Lankford makes an important contribution to the field by challenging prevailing assumptions and developing new ideas and concepts to explore how changes in resource use can effectively be made, how the resulting gains may be distributed, and how the measurement and monitoring of outcomes could be improved. Since many concepts are illustrated with examples from water management and irrigation, this Earthscan book will be of particular interest to the water community." - Susanne Scheierling, Washington DC "Of the many ideas offered in the paracommons concept, perhaps the one I enjoy the most is the concept of liminality applied to the governance of complex natural resource systems. The notion of an 'in-between-ness' existing between flawed opinions of the current state of systems and a future gain in performance offers natural and social scientists new perspectives on how to judge those actors promising better futures on the basis of productivity and efficiency gains." - Sian Sullivan, Birkbeck College. "This book, Resource Efficiency Complexity and the Commons, helps us revisit our disciplinary assumptions about natural resources use and efficiency. What exactly is gained through efficiency gains? How, when and why do these gains matter? The innovative concept of paracommons proposed by Bruce Lankford reveals the very complex nature of resource use efficiency. It also provides contours to the hard-to-grasp notion of temporality of efficiency gains. This book offers much food for thought for both natural and social scientists serious about natural resources management and sustainability." - Naho Mirumachi, Kings College London