Wind Energy Handbook

Named as one of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles of 2012 Every year, Choice subject editors recognise the most significant print and electronic works reviewed in Choice during the previous calendar year. Appearing annually in Choice's January issue, this prestigious list of publications reflects the best in scholarly titles and attracts extraordinary attention from the academic library community. The authoritative reference on wind energy, now fully revised and updated to include offshore wind power A decade on from its first release, the Wind Energy Handbook, Second Edition, reflects the advances in technology underpinning the continued expansion of the global wind power sector. Harnessing their collective industrial and academic expertise, the authors provide a comprehensive introduction to wind turbine design and wind farm planning for onshore and offshore wind-powered electricity generation. The major change since the first edition is the addition of a new chapter on offshore wind turbines and offshore wind farm development. Opening with a survey of the present state of offshore wind farm development, the chapter goes on to consider resource assessment and array losses. Then wave loading on support structures is examined in depth, including wind and wave load combinations and descriptions of applicable wave theories. After sections covering optimum machine size and offshore turbine reliability, the different types of support structure deployed to date are described in turn, with emphasis on monopiles, including fatigue analysis in the frequency domain. Final sections examine the assessment of environmental impacts and the design of the power collection and transmission cable network. New coverage features: turbulence models updated to reflect the latest design standards, including an introduction to the Mann turbulence model extended treatment of horizontal axis wind turbines aerodynamics, now including a survey of wind turbine aerofoils, dynamic stall and computational fluid dynamics developments in turbine design codes techniques for extrapolating extreme loads from simulation results an introduction to the NREL cost model comparison of options for variable speed operation in-depth treatment of individual blade pitch control grid code requirements and the principles governing the connection of large wind farms to transmission networks four pages of full-colour pictures that illustrate blade manufacture, turbine construction and offshore support structure installation Firmly established as an essential reference, Wind Energy Handbook, Second Edition will prove a real asset to engineers, turbine designers and wind energy consultants both in industry and research. Advanced engineering students and new entrants to the wind energy sector will also find it an invaluable resource.

Table of Contents:
About the Authors xvii Preface to Second Edition xix Acknowledgements for First Edition xxi Acknowledgements for Second Edition xxiii List of Symbols xxv Figures C1 and C2 – Co-ordinate Systems xxxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical development 1 1.2 Modern wind turbines 4 1.3 Scope of the book 6 References 7 Further reading 8 2 The wind resource 9 2.1 The nature of the wind 9 2.2 Geographical variation in the wind resource 10 2.3 Long-term wind speed variations 11 2.4 Annual and seasonal variations 12 2.5 Synoptic and diurnal variations 14 2.6 Turbulence 14 2.7 Gust wind speeds 28 2.8 Extreme wind speeds 29 2.9 Wind speed prediction and forecasting 32 2.10 Turbulence in wakes and wind farms 33 2.11 Turbulence in complex terrain 36 References 36 3 Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 The actuator disc concept 40 3.3 Rotor disc theory 44 3.4 Vortex cylinder model of the actuator disc 49 3.5 Rotor blade theory (blade-element/momentum theory) 57 3.6 Breakdown of the momentum theory 64 3.7 Blade geometry 66 3.8 The effects of a discrete number of blades 75 3.9 Stall delay 92 3.10 Calculated results for an actual turbine 95 3.11 The performance curves 97 3.12 Constant rotational speed operation 101 3.13 Pitch regulation 105 3.14 Comparison of measured with theoretical performance 107 3.15 Variable speed operation 108 3.16 Estimation of energy capture 109 3.17 Wind turbine aerofoil design 114 References 119 Websites 120 Further reading 120 Appendix A3 lift and drag of aerofoils 120 A3.1 Definition of drag 121 A3.2 Drag coefficient 123 A3.3 The boundary layer 124 A3.4 Boundary layer separation 124 A3.5 Laminar and turbulent boundary layers 125 A3.6 Definition of lift and its relationship to circulation 127 A3.7 The stalled aerofoil 130 A3.8 The lift coefficient 131 A3.9 Aerofoil drag characteristics 131 A3.10 Cambered aerofoils 134 4 Further aerodynamic topics for wind turbines 137 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 The aerodynamics of turbines in steady yaw 137 4.3 The method of acceleration potential 163 4.4 Unsteady flow 176 4.5 Quasi-steady aerofoil aerodynamics 183 4.6 Dynamic stall 189 4.7 Computational fluid dynamics 190 References 191 Further reading 192 5 Design loads for horizontal axis wind turbines 193 5.1 National and international standards 193 5.2 Basis for design loads 194 5.3 Turbulence and wakes 197 5.4 Extreme loads 199 5.5 Fatigue loading 205 5.6 Stationary blade loading 205 5.7 Blade loads during operation 213 5.8 Blade dynamic response 241 5.9 Blade fatigue stresses 267 5.10 Hub and low speed shaft loading 273 5.11 Nacelle loading 277 5.12 Tower loading 278 5.13 Wind turbine dynamic analysis codes 288 5.14 Extrapolation of extreme loads from simulations 294 References 306 Appendix 5: dynamic response of stationary blade in turbulent wind 308 A5.1 Introduction 308 A5.2 Frequency response function 309 A5.3 Resonant displacement response ignoring wind variations along the blade 310 A5.4 Effect of across-wind turbulence distribution on resonant displacement response 313 A5.5 Resonant root bending moment 316 A5.6 Root bending moment background response 318 A5.7 Peak response 319 A5.8 Bending moments at intermediate blade positions 322 References 323 6 Conceptual design of horizontal axis wind turbines 325 6.1 Introduction 325 6.2 Rotor diameter 325 6.3 Machine rating 332 6.4 Rotational speed 336 6.5 Number of blades 338 6.6 Teetering 346 6.7 Power control 349 6.8 Braking systems 356 6.9 Fixed speed, two speed or variable speed 358 6.10 Type of generator 365 6.11 Drive train mounting arrangement options 369 6.12 Drive train compliance 373 6.13 Rotor position with respect to tower 375 6.14 Tower stiffness 376 6.15 Personnel safety and access issues 379 References 381 7 Component design 383 7.1 Blades 383 7.2 Pitch bearings 419 7.3 Rotor hub 422 7.4 Gearbox 425 7.5 Generator 437 7.6 Mechanical brake 446 7.7 Nacelle bedplate 453 7.8 Yaw drive 453 7.9 Tower 456 7.10 Foundations 467 References 471 8 The controller 475 8.1 Functions of the wind turbine controller 476 8.2 Closed loop control: issues and objectives 478 8.3 Closed loop control: general techniques 484 8.4 Closed loop control: analytical design methods 506 8.5 Pitch actuators (see also, Chapter 6 Section 6.7.2) 518 8.6 Control system implementation 519 References 522 9 Wind turbine installations and wind farms 525 9.1 Project development 526 9.2 Landscape and visual impact assessment 533 9.3 Noise 542 9.4 Electromagnetic Interference 551 9.5 Ecological assessment 558 References 562 10 Wind energy and the electric power system 565 10.1 Introduction 565 10.2 Wind farm power collection systems 569 10.3 Earthing (grounding) of wind farms 572 10.4 Lightning protection 575 10.5 Connection of wind generation to distribution networks 578 10.6 Power system studies 581 10.7 Power quality 582 10.8 Electrical protection 590 10.9 Distributed generation and the Grid Codes 598 10.10 Wind energy and the generation system 602 References 607 Appendix A10 Simple calculations for the connection of wind turbines 609 A10.1 The Per-unit system 609 A10.2 Power flows, slow voltage variations and network losses 609 11 Offshore wind turbines and wind farms 613 11.1 Development of offshore wind energy 613 11.2 The offshore wind resource 616 11.3 Design loads 620 11.4 Machine size optimisation 661 11.5 Reliability of offshore wind turbines 663 11.6 Support structures 667 11.7 Environmental assessment of offshore wind farms 704 11.8 Offshore power collection and transmission 707 11.9 Operation and access 717 References 719 Appendix A11 723 References for table A11.1 723 Index 729

About the Author :
Tony Burton, Wind Energy Consultant, Powys, UK Nick Jenkins, Cardiff University, UK David Sharpe, Wind Energy Consultant, Essex, UK Ervin Bossanyi, GL Garrad Hassan, Bristol, UK

Review :
"I highly recommend the classic and definitive reference book Wind Energy Handbook, Second Edition by Tony Burton, Nick Jenkins, David Sharpe, and Ervin Bossanyi, to any engineering students in undergraduate or graduate studies, teaching academics, practicing engineers, business leaders in technology or electrical utilities, and government policy makers seeking a complete and authoritative overview of design, manufacturing, and installation of horizontal axis wind turbines. This book offers a complete survey of the field, and contains an important section on wind farms as well. Overall, this is a very important and essential addition to any study or practice in the field." (Blog Business World, 19 February 2012) "If libraries wish to acquire just one book on wind energy, this title is a very good candidate. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, two-year technical program students, researchers/faulty, technicians/professionals, and informed general readers." (Choice, 1 December 2011)