Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) informs and enhances the usability and sustainability of building designs with lessons learned from evaluation of building performance throughout the building life cycle, from initial planning through occupancy to adaptive re-use. A key feature of BPE is that it examines design and technical performance of buildings alongside human performance criteria. That is, it seeks to examine facilities in order to determine whether they will work for the people that will use and occupy them. Rigorous BPE helps to improve design practice by providing feedback on the effectiveness of the choices made about the building to ensure that its design is optimised for stakeholders’ uses.
The overarching theme for Enhancing Building Performance is to present the next generation of BPE work. The book provides an updated systematic approach for BPE as well as chapters written by experts from around the world who demonstrate how to apply BPE to enhance building design. Topics covered include: evidence-based and integrative design processes, evaluation methods and tools, and education and knowledge transfer. In addition, case studies provide specific examples of how BPE has been used to study such things as the impact of workplace design on human productivity and innovation.
Written primarily for design professionals and facility managers who wish to use BPE to deliver improved building performance that is responsive to the needs of stakeholders, Enhancing Building Performance will also be of great value to researchers and students across a range of architecture and construction disciplines.
Table of Contents:
Contributors x Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxv
Foreword xxvii
Duncan A. Joiner
I Introduction: Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) Process Model 1
1 Introduction to Building Performance Evaluation: Milestones in Evolution 3
Shauna Mallory-Hill, Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Chris Watson
1.1 Enhancing building performance 3
1.2 Emergence of person-environment research 4
1.3 Maturation of Post-Occupancy Evaluation (1975–1985) 6
1.4 POE as a distinct discipline (1985–1995) 7
1.5 Feeding forward: from POE to BPE (1995–2005) 9
1.6 Ongoing global efforts in BPE (2005 +) 11
1.7 Conclusion 12
2 A Process Model for Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) 19
Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Ulrich Schramm
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Description of the process model for BPE 19
2.3 The performance concept and the building process 25
2.4 Conclusion 29
II Design Processes and Evaluation 33
3 The Integrative Design Process 35
Rodney C. McDonald and Sonja Persram
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Origin, evolution and definitions of IDP 36
3.3 Highlights of others’ work: systems thinking in IDP and a unitive process 39
3.4 The means to motivation: engaging clients in sustainability prior to IDP 43
3.5 The integrative regulatory process 45
3.6 Conclusion 46
4 Participatory/Collaborative Design Process 48
Henry Sanoff
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 Background 49
4.3 Community participation 51
4.4 Conclusion 57
5 Enhancing Design Programming: The Case of Detroit Collaborative Design Center and Detroit Hispanic Development Corporation 60
Sheri Blake
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Participatory design process and intent 61
5.3 Enhancing the process 69
5.4 Conclusions 72
6 Patterns in Post-Occupancy Evaluation 75
Chris Watson
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Principles 75
6.3 Communities of interest 77
6.4 Process 77
6.5 Evaluating environmental impact 78
6.6 Pattern language format 79
6.7 Recurring findings 79
6.8 Communicating stakeholders' experience of architecture 85
6.9 Conclusion 85
III Case Studies 87
7 The Changing Meaning of Workspace: Planning Space and Technology in the Work Environment 89
Jacqueline C. Vischer
7.1 Introduction 89
7.2 The 'X' organization – building for the future 90
7.3 Involving users for better workspace design 91
7.4 Building and workspace outcomes 94
7.5 Conclusion 96
8 Programming Spaces for Innovation 98
Martin Hodulak
8.1 Introduction 98
8.2 Spaces for innovation 98
8.3 Understanding requirements 99
8.4 Analysis methods 100
8.5 Key requirements for innovation spaces 102
8.6 Conclusion 107
9 Assessing Building Performance for Local Government Offices in Japan 109
Akikazu Kato, Toru Ando and Mina Kitazawa
9.1 Introduction 109
9.2 Organizational development of the Mie Prefecture Government office 110
9.3 Example of office layout changes 110
9.4 Work style classification studies 112
9.5 Analysis of worker activities 114
9.6 Analysis of work style classifications 116
9.7 Analysis of workers’ collaboration activities 117
9.8 Relationships among work communication activities 118
9.9 Conclusions 118
10 Developing Occupancy Feedback to Improve Low Carbon Housing 120
Fionn Stevenson
10.1 Introduction 120
10.2 Background 120
10.3 A framework for evaluating interactive adaptability 121
10.4 Low carbon home case study 121
10.5 Where next? 127
10.6 Conclusions 128
11 Evaluating Federal Workplaces in the US: The Case of the General Services Administration 130
Kevin Kelly
11.1 Introduction 130
11.2 Background 130
11.3 Survey results 133
11.4 Reflections on 'efficiency' and 'expression' 135
11.5 Re-deploying the survey to measure post-occupancy success 137
11.6 Conclusion 137
12 Assessing Qatar University’s Campus Outdoor Spaces: Design Intentions Versus Users’ Reactions 139
Ashraf M. Salama
12.1 Introduction 139
12.2 Overview of the literature on campus outdoor spaces 140
12.3 Campus features – architect’s statements 141
12.4 Assessing outdoor spaces: a multilayered methodology 142
12.5 Key findings 147
12.6 Conclusion 150
13 Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) and the Role of Perceived Values in Heritage Preservation – A Research Case for Italy 152
Carlotta Fontana
13.1 Introduction 152
13.2 Background 152
13.3 A performance-based approach for sustainable reuse 154
13.4 Counseling for communities: a performance-based approach at different scales 154
13.5 Conclusions 161
IV Research Methods and Tools 165
14 Evaluating the Impact of Green Building on Worker Productivity and Health: A Literature Review 167
Shauna Mallory-Hill and Anna Westlund
14.1 Introduction 167
14.2 Background 168
14.3 Literature review method 168
14.4 Performance indicators and data collection techniques 169
14.5 Conclusions 174
15 Quantitative (GIS) and Qualitative (BPE) Assessments of Library Performance 179
Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Xinhao Wang
15.1 Introduction 179
15.2 Background 179
15.3 Project design and methodology 180
15.4 Results 183
15.5 Recommendations 187
15.6 Conclusion 188
16 Applying MAPLE/D and BPE to Complex Building Types 191
Monika Schill-Fendl
16.1 Introduction 191
16.2 Background: the meta-method MAPLE/D 191
16.3 Example: POE of a large-scale laboratory building complex 199
16.4 Links between BPE and MAPLE/D 201
16.5 Conclusion 201
17 Stimulating Physically Active Behavior Through Good Building Design 203
Edward Finch, Paul Wilson and Lindsey Dugdill
17.1 Introduction 203
17.2 The active imperative 204
17.3 Servicescapes 205
17.4 Layering of built environment solutions 206
17.5 Evaluating the capacity of buildings to encourage physically active behavior 209
17.6 Conclusion 210
18 Evidence-Based Decision-Making on Office Accommodation: Accommodation Choice Model 213
Theo J. M. van der Voordt, Yolanda M. D. Ikiz-Koppejan and Anca Gosselink
18.1 Introduction 213
18.2 Modeling accommodation processes 213
18.3 Elaboration of the model 215
18.4 Justification of the accommodation choice model 219
18.5 Application in practice 219
18.6 Conclusion 221
19 Evaluation Through Computational Building Performance Simulation 223
Jan L. M. Hensen
19.1 Introduction 223
19.2 Background 223
19.3 Building performance simulation 224
19.4 State-of-the-art 226
19.5 Quality assurance of simulation based decisions 229
19.6 Conclusion 232
20 Incorporating Occupant Perceptions and Behavior into BIM 234
Clinton J. Andrews, Jennifer A. Senick and Richard E. Wener
20.1 Introduction 234
20.2 BIM and the design process 235
20.3 Linking BPE and BIM 235
20.4 Simulating behavior 236
20.5 Metrics 238
20.6 Illustrative simulation model 238
20.7 Conclusions: implications for emerging practice 244
V Education 247
21 Post-Occupancy Evaluation in Brazil: Its Impact on Professional Practice 249
Sheila W. Ornstein, Rosaria Ono, César Imai, Ana J. G. Limongi França and Maria Beatriz Barbosa
21.1 Introduction 249
21.2 POE methodology 250
21.3 Case studies 252
21.4 Conclusions 257
22 Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) in the Construction Project Management Curriculum 259
Ulrich Schramm
22.1 Introduction 259
22.2 The school and its programs 259
22.3 BPE in the curriculum 261
22.4 Outline of selected lectures and seminars 263
22.5 Employment opportunities 272
22.6 Conclusions 274
23 Evaluation Research and Inquiry Based Learning (IBL) in Architecture and Urbanism: Consumption Versus Production of Knowledge 277
Ashraf M. Salama
23.1 Introduction 277
23.2 Idiosyncrasies on knowledge delivery and acquisition 278
23.3 Evaluation research and inquiry based learning (IBL) 279
23.4 Evaluation research: a paradigm for utilizing the built environment as an open textbook 280
23.5 Conclusion: Evaluation research and seeking a new form of pedagogy 284
24 Post Tower Evaluation: User-Needs Analysis (UNA) in German Student Education 286
Rotraut Walden
24.1 Introduction 286
24.2 Background 286
24.3 Prelminary studies 287
24.4 Stakeholder questionnaire 288
24.5 Data collection – the walkthrough 292
24.6 Results 292
24.7 Conclusions 296
25 Ethnographic Methods in Support of Architectural Practice 299
Eleftherios Pavlides and Galen Cranz
25.1 Introduction 299
25.2 The nature of the student research is ethnographic 300
25.3 Two kinds of findings 303
25.4 Benefits of student research projects 307
25.5 Conclusion 310
VI Epilogue 313
26 Reflections on Stage M: The Dog that Didn’t Bark 315
Francis Duffy
26.1 Introduction 315
26.2 Background 315
26.3 Stage M feedback on meeting client objectives 316
26.4 Conclusions 319
Endnotes 319
References 320
Index 321
About the Author :
THE EDITORS
SHAUNA MALLORY-HILL, PhD, M. Arch, B.E.S., LEED AP BD+C is Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Manitoba, Canada. With nearly two decades of research and teaching involvement in the discipline of building performance evaluation, she is the co-ordinator for the International Building Performance Evaluation research consortium which facilitates the work of BPE practitioners around the world.
WOLFGANG F.E. PREISER, PhD, M.Arch, Dipl. -Ing is Professor Emeritus in the School of Architecture and Interior Design at the University of Cincinnati, USA. He has 35 years experience in teaching, research and consulting, lecturing around the world, and publishing 18 books.
CHRISTOPHER WATSON, BSc, B.Arch, ANZIA, BOAQ is an Architect with considerable experience in evaluating a very wide range of building types in diverse situations.
