Fundamentals of Internet of Things: For Students and Professionals

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS Fundamentals of Internet of Things: For Students and Professionals teaches the principles of IoT systems. It employs a systematic approach to explain IoT architecture models and their layers. The textbook is arranged based on various layers of an architecture model. For readers who are unfamiliar with the concept of data communication and networks, the first chapter of this book covers the fundamentals of data communication and networks. It can also be used as review material for those who are already familiar with the concept. The book begins with many examples of IoT use cases to show readers how IoT can be applied to various IoT verticals. The concept of smart sensors is then described, as well as their applications in the IoT ecosystem. Because internet connectivity is an essential part of any IoT system, the book explores wired and wireless connectivity schemes including cellular IoT in the 4G and 5G eras. IoT protocols, analytics, as well as IoT security and privacy are important topics that are explained in this book with simple explanations. The last chapter of this book is dedicated to IoT solution development. IoT is one of the most rapidly evolving technologies today, and there is no better guide to this rapidly expanding sector than Fundamentals of Internet of Things (IoT) for Students and Professionals. Features: Simple explanations of complex concepts More than 300 exercise problems and advanced exercise questions Provided solutions for the exercise problems 10 practical IoT projects

Table of Contents:
About the Author xvii Preface xix 1 Data Communications and Networks 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 OSI Model 3 1.2.1 Layer 1 – Physical Layer 5 1.2.2 Layer 2 – Data Link Layer 5 1.2.2.1 Addressing 5 1.2.2.2 Framing 5 1.2.2.3 Error Control 6 1.2.2.4 Flow Control 6 1.2.2.5 Access Control 7 1.2.3 Layer 3 – Network Layer 7 1.2.4 Layer 4 – Transport Layer 7 1.2.4.1 Port Addressing 8 1.2.4.2 End-to-end Error Control 8 1.2.4.3 End-to-end Flow Control 8 1.2.4.4 Connection Control 8 1.2.4.5 Congestion Control 8 1.2.5 Layer 5 – Session Layer 9 1.2.6 Layer 6 – Presentation Layer 9 1.2.7 Layer 7 – Application Layer 9 1.3 Header Encapsulation 9 1.4 Layer 2 – Ethernet 10 1.4.1 Framing 11 1.4.2 Addressing 11 1.4.3 Error Control 11 1.4.4 Flow Control 12 1.4.5 Access Control 12 1.5 Layer 3 – IP 12 1.5.1 IPV4 and IPV6 headers 15 1.5.2 Improving IPV4 Address Assignments 17 1.6 Layer 4 – TCP and UDP 19 1.6.1 TCP Header 20 1.6.2 TCP Functionalities 22 1.6.2.1 Process-to-process Communication 22 1.6.2.2 Connection Control 22 1.6.2.3 Flow Control 22 1.6.2.4 Error Control 23 1.6.2.5 Congestion Control 24 1.6.3 UDP 24 1.7 TCP/IP Networking Model 25 1.8 Internetworking Devices 25 1.8.1 VLAN 27 1.8.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 28 1.9 Summary 29 References 30 Exercises 30 Advanced Exercises 32 2 Introduction to IoT 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 IoT Traffic Model 36 2.3 IoT Connectivity 37 2.4 IoT Verticals, Use Cases, and Applications 39 2.5 IoT Value Chain 41 2.6 Examples of IoT Use Cases and Applications 42 2.6.1 IoT-based Structural Health Monitoring System 42 2.6.2 IoT-based Electric Meter 44 2.6.3 IoT-basedWaste Management System 44 2.6.4 IoT-based Earthquake Detection 45 2.6.5 IoT-based Car Software Update 45 2.6.6 IoT-based Mountain Climbing Information System 46 2.6.7 IoT-based Agriculture – Pest Management 46 2.6.8 IoT-basedWearable in Sports 47 2.6.9 IoT-based Healthcare System 47 2.6.10 IoT-based Augmented Reality (AR) System 48 2.6.11 IoT-based Food Supply Chain 49 2.6.12 Smart Grid System 49 2.7 IoT Project Implementation 51 2.8 IoT Standards 52 2.9 Summary 52 References 53 Exercises 53 Advanced Exercises 54 3 IoT Architecture 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Factors Affecting an IoT Architectural Model 58 3.3 IoT Architectural Model 59 3.4 IoT WF Architectural Model 59 3.5 Data Center and Cloud 63 3.6 Computing (Cloud, Fog, and Edge) 66 3.6.1 Cloud Computing 66 3.6.2 Fog Computing 67 3.6.3 Edge Computing 68 3.7 Summary 69 References 69 Exercises 69 Advanced Exercises 70 4 IoT Sensors 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Sensor and Its Performance Metrics 74 4.2.1 Static Performance Metrics 74 4.2.2 Dynamic Performance Metrics 76 4.2.3 Sensor Selection 77 4.3 Smart Sensors 80 4.4 MEMS 81 4.5 Sensor Fusion 83 4.5.1 Improving the Quality and Accuracy of a Sensor 83 4.5.2 Improving the Reliability of a Sensor 83 4.5.3 Improving the Capability of a Sensor 84 4.5.4 Measuring a Different Physical Quantity 84 4.6 Self-calibration 84 4.7 Sensors of the Future 85 4.8 Summary 85 References 86 Exercises 86 Advanced Exercises 87 5 IoT Wired Connectivity 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Ethernet 90 5.2.1 Power over Ethernet (PoE) 91 5.3 Ethernet TSN 92 5.3.1 Challenges of Connectivity for Industrial IoT 92 5.3.2 Ethernet TSN Features and Key Technologies 93 5.3.2.1 Time Synchronization 93 5.3.2.2 Bandwidth and QoS Reservation 94 5.3.2.3 Redundant Transmission 94 5.3.2.4 Traffic Shaping and Scheduling 94 5.3.2.5 Latency Minimization 95 5.3.3 A Simple Example 96 5.3.4 Ethernet TSN Substandards 97 5.4 Power Line Communications (PLCs) 98 5.4.1 PLC for Smart Grid 100 5.5 Summary 103 References 103 Exercises 104 Advanced Exercises 105 6 Unlicensed-band Wireless IoT 107 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Zigbee Wireless Network 108 6.3 BLE Wireless Network 111 6.3.1 Bluetooth 5 114 6.3.2 Bluetooth Mesh 115 6.4 WiFiWireless Network 115 6.4.1 WiFi 6 116 6.4.2 WiFi HaLow 117 6.5 LoRaWAN Wireless Wide Area Network 118 6.6 Summary 121 References 121 Exercises 122 Advanced Exercises 124 7 Cellular IoT Technologies 125 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 EC-GSM-IoT 125 7.3 LTE-based Cellular IoT Technologies 127 7.3.1 LTE-M 127 7.3.1.1 Channel Bandwidth 127 7.3.1.2 Duplexing 128 7.3.1.3 Data Rate and Latency 129 7.3.1.4 Power Class 131 7.3.1.5 Coverage 132 7.3.1.6 Mobility 133 7.3.2 NB-IoT 133 7.3.2.1 Channel Bandwidth and Duplexing 134 7.3.2.2 Data Rate and Latency 134 7.3.2.3 Power Classes 135 7.3.2.4 Coverage 135 7.3.2.5 Mobility 135 7.4 Practical Use Cases 135 7.5 CIoT Frequency Bands 137 7.6 Certification 140 7.7 CIoT Modules 141 7.8 AT Commands 143 7.9 Summary 144 References 145 Exercises 146 Advanced Exercises 147 8 CIoT Features 151 8.1 Low-power Consumption Schemes 153 8.1.1 Introduction 153 8.1.2 Power Saving Techniques in 3GPP Release 13 153 8.1.3 Power Saving Techniques in 3GPP Release 14 158 8.1.4 Power Saving Techniques in 3GPP Release 15 158 8.1.4.1 Wake Up Signal 158 8.1.5 Power Consumption for Various Use Cases 159 8.1.6 Summary 162 References 163 Exercises 163 Advanced Exercises 164 8.2 Uplink Access 167 8.2.1 Introduction 167 8.2.2 Random Access Process 168 8.2.2.1 Random Access Dependency to the Coverage Level 170 8.2.2.2 Access Barring (AB) 170 8.2.2.3 Preamble Formats 171 8.2.3 RA Advancements 172 8.2.3.1 Early Data Transmission 173 8.2.3.2 Preconfigured Uplink Resources 173 8.2.4 Summary 174 References 175 Exercises 175 Advanced Exercises 176 8.3 Positioning 177 8.3.1 Introduction 177 8.3.2 LTE Positioning 178 8.3.2.1 CID 179 8.3.2.2 ECID 179 8.3.2.3 Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) 180 8.3.2.3.1 Basic OTDOA Navigation Equations 181 8.3.2.3.2 Positioning Reference Signals (PRSs) 182 8.3.3 Positioning Architecture for LTE-IoT 183 8.3.4 RSTD Measurement Performance 184 8.3.5 PRS Signals 185 8.3.5.1 LTE PRS Signals 185 8.3.5.2 LTE-M PRS Signals 186 8.3.5.3 NB-IoT PRS Signals 186 8.3.6 RSTD Error Sources 187 8.3.7 Summary 188 References 188 Exercises 189 Advanced Exercises 189 8.4 Mobility 191 8.4.1 Introduction 191 8.4.2 Mobility 192 8.4.2.1 Cell Selection 192 8.4.2.2 Cell Reselection 192 8.4.2.3 Signal Measurements Used for Mobility 193 8.4.2.4 Idle Mode Versus Connected Mode Mobility 194 8.4.2.5 Mobility Architecture 195 8.4.2.6 Intra-Frequency vs. Inter-Frequency Mobility 196 8.4.2.7 General Idea about TAU Strategies 197 8.4.2.8 General Idea about Paging Strategies 198 8.4.2.9 TAU and Paging Optimization 198 8.4.2.10 Doppler Effect 198 8.4.3 NB-IoT Mobility 199 8.4.4 LTE-M Mobility 199 8.4.5 Summary 199 References 200 Exercises 201 Advanced Exercises 202 9 IoT Data Communication Protocols 203 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 204 9.3 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Protocol 206 9.3.1 MQTT Connections 208 9.3.2 Security of MQTT Protocol 209 9.3.3 MQTT Last Value Queue (LVQ) 210 9.3.4 MQTT LastWill and Testament (LWT) 211 9.4 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 211 9.4.1 CoAP Messages 212 9.4.2 CoAP Observers 213 9.5 Other IoT Protocols 213 9.6 Summary 214 References 215 Exercises 215 Advanced Exercises 217 10 IoT in 5G Era 219 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 5G Vision 220 10.3 5G’s Main Application Areas 222 10.4 5G Implementations and Features 223 10.4.1 Standalone and non-standalone 5G Network 223 10.4.2 5G Network Slicing 223 10.4.3 Private 5G Network 225 10.4.4 Network Exposure 226 10.4.5 Fixed Wireless Access 226 10.5 Summary 227 References 228 Exercises 228 Advanced Exercises 229 11 IoT and Analytics 231 11.1 Introduction 231 11.2 Data Pipeline 233 11.3 AI 233 11.4 Machine Learning 234 11.5 Supervised Machine Learning Techniques 236 11.5.1 Classification 236 11.5.1.1 Decision Tree 236 11.5.1.2 Random Forest 241 11.5.1.3 K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 243 11.5.1.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 244 11.5.2 Regression 246 11.6 Unsupervised Machine Learning Techniques 251 11.6.1 Clustering 251 11.6.1.1 K-Means 251 11.7 Deep Learning Techniques 253 11.7.1 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) 257 11.7.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 258 11.8 Summary 260 References 261 Exercises 261 Advanced Exercises 263 12 IoT Security and Privacy 267 12.1 Introduction 267 12.2 IoT Threats 267 12.2.1 Confidentiality 268 12.2.2 Integrity 268 12.2.3 Authentication 268 12.2.4 Non-Repudiation 269 12.2.5 Availability 269 12.3 IoT Vulnerabilities 269 12.3.1 Insufficient Authentication 269 12.3.2 Insecure Ports and Interfaces 270 12.3.3 Lack of a Secure Update Mechanism 270 12.3.4 Insufficient Encryption 270 12.3.5 Insecure Network Connectivity 270 12.3.6 Insecure Mobile Connection 271 12.3.7 Not Utilizing Whitelist 271 12.3.8 Insecure IoT Device Chip Manufacturing 271 12.3.9 Configuration Issues 271 12.3.10 Privacy Issues 272 12.4 IoT Threat Modeling and Risk 272 12.4.1 Threat Modeling for Smart Gas Station 272 12.4.1.1 Identifying the Assets 273 12.4.1.2 Identifying the Message Flow 273 12.4.1.3 Identifying the Threat Types 274 12.4.1.4 Rating Threats and Risk Calculations 275 12.5 IoT Security Regulations 276 12.6 IoT Privacy Concerns and Regulations 277 12.7 IoT Security and Privacy Examples 279 12.7.1 Threat Against Availability – Mirai Bonnet 279 12.7.2 Threat Against Integrity – LockState 279 12.7.3 Threat Against Software Update – Jeep 279 12.7.4 Threat Against Confidentiality – TRENDnetWebcam 280 12.7.5 Threat Against Availability and Integrity – St. Jude Medical’s Implantable Cardiac Devices 280 12.7.6 Threat Against Availability – Cyberattack on the Ukrainian Smart Grid 280 12.7.7 Privacy Concern – DJI 280 12.8 Threat Protection Methods 281 12.8.1 Confidentiality Protection 281 12.8.1.1 Methods Based on Symmetric Key 281 12.8.1.2 Methods Based on Asymmetric Key 285 12.8.2 Integrity Protection 286 12.8.3 Authentication Protection 287 12.8.4 Non-Repudiation Protection 288 12.9 IoT and Blockchain 289 12.9.1 Blockchain Technology 290 12.9.2 A Practical Example of IoT and Blockchain for Smart Grid 292 12.10 Summary 293 References 294 Exercises 294 13 IoT Solution Developments 299 13.1 Introduction 299 13.2 IoT Solution Development Methodology 300 13.3 Further Details on IoT Solution Development 302 13.3.1 Business Case Document 302 13.3.2 Implementation Strategy 302 13.3.3 Detailed Design 303 13.3.4 Building, Configuration, and Testing (BCT) 304 13.3.5 Pilot Implementation 306 13.3.6 Regulation Acceptance 307 13.3.7 Deployment 307 13.3.8 Sustainment 307 13.3.9 Continuous Improvements 307 13.4 Change Management 307 13.5 Summary 308 Reference 309 Exercises 309 Advanced Exercises 310 Practical Assignments 313 Assignment #1: Connecting an IoT Device to the Cloud 313 Assignment #2: Building a Battery-Powered Vision-Based System 314 Assignment #3: Configuring an LTE-M module using AT Commands 315 Assignment #4: Connecting an IoT Device to an MQTT Broker 316 Assignment #5: Connecting an IoT Device to an IoT Gateway Using BLE 318 Assignment #6: Building an IoT-Based Home Automation System 319 Assignment #7: Designing a Smart Toy System 320 Assignment #8: Controlling a Smart Tank System Using LoRaWAN Technology 321 Assignment #9: Building IoT Systems Using Cisco Packet Tracer 323 Assignment #10: Building a Digital Twin in the Cloud 325 References 327 Appendix A Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) 329 Appendix B Transport Layer Security (TLS) 333 Appendix C Satellite IoT 337 Solutions 339 Chapter 1 339 Chapter 2 343 Chapter 3 346 Chapter 4 348 Chapter 5 352 Chapter 6 355 Chapter 7 357 Chapter 8 361 Chapter 9 367 Chapter 10 370 Chapter 11 371 Chapter 12 376 Chapter 13 381 Abbreviations 385 Index 395

About the Author :
Dr. F. John Dian, PhD, is a faculty in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the British Columbia Institute of Technology in Vancouver, Canada. He received his Ph.D. degree from Concordia University, Canada, in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Dr. Dian has extensive experience in designing and implementing telecommunication systems and IoT networks. He holds a certificate in business analytics from Harvard Business School, USA, and co-chairs the center of excellence in analytics at BCIT. He has received numerous awards for his outstanding teaching and research, and has been an invited speaker at many forums and conferences. Dr. Dian is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an active member of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia (APEGBC). He is the author of several books such as IoT Use Cases and Technologies, Cellular IoT for Practitioners, and Physical System Modelling Using MATLAB®.