Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment: (IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems)

Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment Accessible reference dealing with (partial discharge) PD measurement in all types of high voltage equipment using modern digital PD detectors Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment is a timely update in the field of partial discharges (PD), covering both holistic concepts and specific modern applications in one volume. The first half of the book educates the reader on what PD is and the general principles of how it is measured and interpreted. The second half of the book is similar to a handbook, with a chapter devoted to PD measurements in each type of high voltage (HV) equipment. These chapters contain specific information of the insulation system design, causes of PD in that equipment, off-line and on-line measurement methods, interpretation methods, and relevant standards. The work is authored by four well-known experts in the field of PD measurement who have published hundreds of technical papers on the subject and performed thousands of PD measurements on all the different types of HV equipment covered in the book. The authors have also had relationships with PD detector manufacturers, giving them key insights into test instruments and practical measurements. Sample topics covered in the work include: Physics of PD, discharge phenomena (contact sparking and vibration sparking), and an introduction to PD measurement (electrical, optical, acoustic, and chemical) Electrical PD detection (types of sensors), RF PD detection (antenna, TEV), and PD instrumentation and display Off-line and on-line PD measurements, general principles of PD interpretation, and laboratory PD testing of lumped test objects PD in different types of HV equipment (power cables, power transformers, air insulated metal-clad switchgear, rotating machines, gas-insulated switchgear, and more) For HV equipment OEMs, users of HV equipment, or employees of companies that provide PD testing services to clients, Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment is an essential reference to help understand general concepts about the topic and receive expert guidance during specific practical applications.

Table of Contents:
0. Preface Dedication Author Biographies Preface Acknowledgements Acronyms 1. Introduction 1.1 Why measure PD? 1.2 Partial discharge and Corona 1.3 Categories of PD Tests 1.4 PD Test Standards 1.5 History of PD Testing 1.6 The Future 1.7 Roadmap for the book 1.8 References 2. Electric Fields and Electrical Breakdown 2.1 Electric Fields in High Voltage Equipment 2.2 Electrical Breakdown 2.3 Breakdown in Gases 2.4 Breakdown in Solids 2.5 Breakdown in Liquids 2.6 Dielectric Strength 2.7 References 3. Physics of PD 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification of partial discharge 3.3 PD current pulse characteristics 3.4 Effects of PD 3.5 Corona due to non-uniform electric fields around conductors 3.6 Partial discharge in voids 3.7 PD on insulation surfaces 3.8 Effect of ambient conditions and conditioning 3.9 Summary of measured PD quantities 3.10 Understanding the PD Pattern with respect to the AC cycle 3.11 References 4. Other Discharge phenomena 4.1 Introduction 4.2 PD as a Disturbance 4.3 Circuit Breaker Arcing 4.4 Contact Arcing and Intermittent Connections 4.5 Metal Oxide Layer Breakdown 4.6 Dry Band Arcing 4.7 Glow (or Pulseless) Discharge 4.8 References 5. PD Measurement Overview 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Charge-based and electromagnetic measurement methods 5.3 Optical PD Detection 5.4 Acoustic PD Detection 5.5 Chemical Detection 5.6 References 6. Charge-Based PD Detection 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basic detection circuits using coupling capacitors 6.3 Sensors 6.4 Electrical Detection Models 6.5 Quasi integration for Charge-Based Measuring Systems 6.6 Calibration into Apparent Charge 6.7 References 7. Electromagnetic PD Detection 7.1 Why measure electromagnetic signals from PD 7.2 Electromagnetic Terminology 7.3 Basic electrical detection circuits 7.4 Types of RF sensor/ 7.5 Measuring Instruments 7.6 Performance and sensitivity checks 7.7 PD source location 7.8 references 8. PD Measurement System Instrumentation and Software 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Frequency Range Selection 8.3 PD Detector Hardware Configurations 8.4 Hardware-Based Disturbance Suppression and PD Source Identification 8.5 PD Calibrator Hardware 8.6 Special Hardware Requirements for Continuous Monitors 8.7 PD System Output Charts 8.8 PD Activity Indicators 8.9 Post Processing Software for Interference Suppression and PD Analysis 8.10 References 9. Suppression of External Electrical Interference 9.1 Impact of External Electrical Interference 9.2 Typical Sources of Noise and External Interference 9.3 Interference Suppression for Off-line PD Testing 9.4 On-Line Interference Suppression 9.5 References 10 General Principles of PD Interpretation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 PDIV/PDEV Measurement 10.3 PD Magnitude and PRPD Test Procedure 10.4 Interpretation of PD magnitude 10.5 PRPD Pattern Interpretation 10.6 PD Root Cause Identification Using Changes in Ambient and Operating Conditions 10.7 References 11 PD testing of lumped capacitive test objects 11.1 Lumped capacitive objects 11.2 Test Procedures 11.3 Measures to suppress electrical interference 11.4 Sensitivity check 11.5 References 12 PD Measurement in Power cables 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Cable system structure 12.3 Cable system failure mechanisms 12.4 Cable PD test standards 12.5 PD test sensors 12.6 PD pulse propagation and detector bandwidth 12.7 Factory quality assurance (QA) testing of power cable 12.8 Energizing cables in off-line/on-site tests 12.9 off-line/on-site testing 12.10 Pros and cons of off-line versus on-lin PD measurements for condition assessment 12.11 On-line monitoring 12.12 Interference suppression 12.13 PRPD patterns 12.14 PD source localization 12.15 References 13 PD Measurement in GIS and GITL 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Relevant Standards and Technical Guidance 13.3 The GIS Insulation System 13.4 Typical PD Sources in GIS and Their Failure Modes 13.5 Detection of PD in GIS 13.6 Charge-based PD measurement in GIS 13.7 Application of acoustic techniques for PD measurement on GIS 13.8 Radio-frequency PD measurement on GIS: the UHF method 13.9 GIS routine factory test 13.10 PD measurement during on-site acceptance tests 13.11 On-Line continuous PD monitoring (PDM) of GIS 13.12. GIS PD signal examples and PRPD patterns 13.13 HVDC GIS: Special considerations 13.14 References 14 Air Insulated switchgear and isolated phase bus 14.1 Introduction 14.2 AIS Insulation Systems 14.3 Insulation Failure Processes 14.4 PD Sensors 14.5 Commissioning and Off-Line/On-Site Testing 14.6 On-line PD Monitoring 14.7 PD Interpretation for AIS 14.8 PD Measurement in Isolated Phase Bus 14.9 References 15 Power transformers 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Transformer Insulation System 15.3 Typical causes of PD in dry-type (cast resin) transformers 15.4 Typical causes of PD in liquid-filled transformers 15.5 Relevant Standards 15.6 PD pulses propagation and PD detection 15.7 Sensors for PD detection 15.8 AC Supply for off-line testing 5.9 Precautions for background noise and Interference 15.10 Factory acceptance testing 15.11 On-site Off-line Testing 15.12 On-line PD monitoring 15.13 PRPD Patterns 15.14 References 16. Rotating Machine stator windings 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Relevant Standards 16.3 Stator Winding Insulation Systems 16.4 Stator Winding Insulation Failure Processes 16.5 PD pulse propagation in windings 16.6 PD sensors 16.7 Factory Acceptance Tests 16.8 On-Site/Offline tests 16.9 On-line testing and monitoring 16.10 Differences between on-line and off-line tests 16.11 Interpretation 16.12 Root cause identification 16.13 Locating PD Sites 16.14 References 17 PD Detection in DC Equipment 17.1 Why is HVDC so popular now 17.2 Insulation system design with DC 17.3 The reasons for testing using DC 17.4 Off-line PD testing with DC excitation 17.5 Interpretation of PD measurements under DC excitation 17.6 Perspectives 17.7 References 18 PD Detection under voltage impulses 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Insulation failure due to short risetime impulse voltages 18.3 Electrical PD detection 18.4 Non-electrical sensors 18.6 Sensitivity and interference check 18.7 Test procedures 18.8 Interpretation 18.9 References