Liquid Biofuels: Fundamentals, Characterization, and Applications

Compiled by a well-known expert in the field, Liquid Biofuels provides a profound knowledge to researchers about biofuel technologies, selection of raw materials, conversion of various biomass to biofuel pathways, selection of suitable methods of conversion, design of equipment, selection of operating parameters, determination of chemical kinetics, reaction mechanism, preparation of bio-catalyst: its application in bio-fuel industry and characterization techniques, use of nanotechnology in the production of biofuels from the root level to its application and many other exclusive topics for conducting research in this area. Written with the objective of offering both theoretical concepts and practical applications of those concepts, Liquid Biofuels can be both a first-time learning experience for the student facing these issues in a classroom and a valuable reference work for the veteran engineer or scientist. The description of the detailed characterization methodologies along with the precautions required during analysis are extremely important, as are the detailed description about the ultrasound assisted biodiesel production techniques, aviation biofuels and its characterization techniques, advance in algal biofuel techniques, pre-treatment of biomass for biofuel production, preparation and characterization of bio-catalyst, and various methods of optimization. The book offers a comparative study between the various liquid biofuels obtained from different methods of production and its engine performance and emission analysis so that one can get the utmost idea to find the better biofuel as an alternative fuel. Since the book covers almost all the field of liquid biofuel production techniques, it will provide advanced knowledge to the researcher for practical applications across the energy sector. A valuable reference for engineers, scientists, chemists, and students, this volume is applicable to many different fields, across many different industries, at all levels.  It is a must-have for any library.

Table of Contents:
Preface xxi 1 Introduction to Biomass to Biofuels Technologies 1 Ezgi Rojda Taymaz, Mehmet Emin Uslu and Irem Deniz 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass and Its Composition 2 1.2.1 Cellulose 3 1.2.2 Hemicellulose 4 1.2.3 Lignin 5 1.3 Types and Category of the Biomass 6 1.3.1 Marine Biomass 6 1.3.2 Forestry Residue and Crops 7 1.3.3 Animal Manure 7 1.3.4 Industrial Waste 8 1.4 Methods of Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Biofuels 8 1.4.1 Pyrolysis and Types of the Pyrolysis Processes 9 1.4.2 Types of Reactors Used in Pyrolysis 12 1.4.2.1 Bubble Fluidized Bed Reactor 12 1.4.2.2 Circulating Fluidized Bed and Transport Bed Reactor 12 1.4.2.3 Ablative Pyrolysis Reactor 14 1.4.2.4 Rotary Cone Reactor 14 1.4.3 Chemical Conversion 14 1.4.4 Electrochemical Conversion 14 1.4.5 Biochemical Methods 16 1.4.6 Co-Conversion Methods of Pyrolysis (Copyrolysis) 16 1.5 Bioethanol and Biobutanol Conversion Techniques 16 1.6 Biogas and Syngas Conversion Techniques 20 1.7 Advantages and Drawbacks of Biofuels 23 1.8 Applications of Biofuels 25 1.9 Future Prospects 26 1.10 Conclusion 27 References 29 2 Advancements of Cavitation Technology in Biodiesel Production – from Fundamental Concept to Commercial Scale-Up 39 Ritesh S. Malani, Vijayanand S. Moholkar, Nimir O. Elbashir and Hanif A. Choudhury 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Principles of Ultrasound and Cavitation 43 2.3 Intensification of Biodiesel Production Processes Through Cavitational Reactors 45 2.3.1 Acoustic Cavitation (or Ultrasound Irradiation) Assisted Processes 46 2.3.2 Acoustic or Ultrasonic Cavitation Assisted Processes 46 2.4 Designing the Cavitation Reactors 59 2.5 Scale-Up of Cavitational Reactors 63 2.6 Application of Cavitational Reactors for Large-Scale Biodiesel Production 66 2.7 Future Prospects and Challenges 67 References 67 3 Heterogeneous Catalyst for Pyrolysis and Biodiesel Production 77 Anjana P Anantharaman and Niju Subramania Pillai 3.1 Biodiesel Production 78 3.1.1 Homogeneous Catalyst 79 3.1.2 Heterogeneous Catalyst 80 3.1.3 Natural Catalyst 84 3.1.4 Catalyst Characterization 88 3.1.4.1 Morphology and Surface Property 88 3.1.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 88 3.1.4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 90 3.1.4.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 91 3.1.4.5 Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) 91 3.1.4.6 X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) 92 3.1.5 Kinetics of Biodiesel 93 3.2 Plastic Pyrolysis 97 3.2.1 Zeolite 99 3.2.2 Activated Carbon (AC) 103 3.2.3 Natural Catalyst 104 3.2.4 Characterization of Catalyst 107 3.2.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 107 3.2.4.2 Surface Characteristics 107 3.2.4.3 NH3-Temperature Programmed Desorption (NH3-TPD) 107 3.2.5 Pyrolysis Kinetics 111 3.3 Conclusion 113 References 114 4 Algal Biofuel: Emergent Applications in Next-Generation Biofuel Technology 119 Bidhu Bhusan Makut 4.1 Introduction 120 4.2 Burgeoning of Biofuel Resources 120 4.2.1 Potential Role of Microalgae Towards Biofuel Production 121 4.3 Common Steps Adopted for Microalgal Biofuel Production 122 4.3.1 Screening and Development of Robust Microalgal Strain 122 4.3.2 Cultivation for Algal Biomass Production 123 4.3.3 Harvesting of Microalgae Biomass 127 4.3.4 Dewatering and Drying Process 127 4.3.5 Extraction and Purification of Lipids from Microalgal Biomass for Biodiesel Production 130 4.3.6 Microalgal Biomass Conversion Technology Towards Different Types of Biofuel Production 130 4.3.6.1 Chemical Conversion 131 4.3.6.2 Biochemical Conversion 132 4.3.6.3 Thermochemical Conversion 134 4.3.6.4 Direct Conversion 136 4.4 Types of Microalgal Biofuels and their Emerging Applications 137 4.4.1 Biodiesel 137 4.4.2 Bioethanol 139 4.4.3 Biogas 140 4.4.4 Bio-Oil 140 4.5 Conclusion 141 References 141 5 Co-Liquefaction of Biomass to Biofuels 145 Gerardo Martínez-Narro and Anh N. Phan 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) 147 5.2.1 Background 147 5.2.2 Operating Parameters Affecting HTL Process 149 5.3 Co-Liquefaction of Biomass 151 5.3.1 Food Waste with Others 151 5.3.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass with Others 162 5.3.3 Biomass with Crude Glycerol 163 5.3.4 Algal Biomass with Others 164 5.3.5 Sludge with Others 168 5.3.6 Biomass with Plastic Waste 169 5.4 Current Development, Challenges and Future Perspectives 171 5.5 Conclusions 174 Acknowledgments 174 References 174 6 Biomass to Bio Jet Fuels: A Take Off to the Aviation Industry 183 Anjani R K Gollakota, Anil Kumar Thandlam and Chi-Min Shu 6.1 Introduction 184 6.2 The Transition of Biomass to Biofuels 185 6.3 Properties of Aviation Jet Fuel (Bio-Jet Fuel) 187 6.4 Fuel Specification for Civil Aviation 188 6.5 Choice of Feedstock (Renewable Sources) 192 6.5.1 Camelina 192 6.5.2 Jatropha 192 6.5.3 Wastes 193 6.5.4 Algae 193 6.5.5 Halophytes 193 6.5.6 Fiber Feedstock 193 6.6 Pathways of Biomass to Bio-Jet Fuels 194 6.6.1 Hydrogenated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) 194 6.6.2 Catalytic Hydrothermolysis (CH) 195 6.6.3 Hydro Processed Depolymerized Cellulosic Jet (HDCJ) 195 6.6.4 Fischer-Tropsch Process (FT) 196 6.6.5 Lignin to Jet 197 6.6.6 Direct Sugars to Hydrocarbons (DSHC) 202 6.6.7 Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) 203 6.6.8 Alcohol to Bio-Jet 203 6.7 Challenges Associates with the Future of Bio-Jet Fuel Development 204 6.7.1 Ecological Challenges 204 6.7.2 Feedstock Availability and Sustainability 205 6.7.3 Production Challenge 205 6.7.4 Distribution Challenge 205 6.7.5 Compatibility Issues 206 6.8 Future Perspective 206 6.9 Conclusion 207 Acknowledgements 209 References 209 7 Advance in Bioethanol Technology: Production and Characterization 215 Soumya Sasmal and Kaustubha Mohanty 7.1 Introduction 216 7.2 Production Technology of Ethanol and Global Players 218 7.3 Microbiology of Bioethanol Production 220 7.4 Fermentation Technology 222 7.5 Downstream Process 224 7.5.1 Distillation 224 7.5.2 Molecular Sieves 225 7.6 Ethanol Analysis 225 7.6.1 Gas Chromatography 225 7.6.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 226 7.6.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 226 7.6.4 Olfactometry 226 7.7 Conclusion 227 References 228 8 Effect of Process Parameters on the Production of Pyrolytic Products from Biomass Through Pyrolysis 231 Ranjeet Kumar Mishra and Kaustubha Mohanty 8.1 Introduction 232 8.2 Biomass to Energy Conversion Technologies 233 8.2.1 Biochemical Conversion of Biomass 233 8.2.2 Thermochemical Conversion (TCC) of Biomass 234 8.2.2.1 Combustion 235 8.2.2.2 Gasification 235 8.2.2.3 Pyrolysis 236 8.2.2.4 Liquefaction 236 8.2.2.5 Carbonization and Co-Firing 240 8.2.3 Comparison of Thermochemical Conversion Techniques 240 8.3 Advantages of Pyrolysis 241 8.4 Effect of Processing Parameters on Liquid Oil Yield 242 8.4.1 Temperature 242 8.4.2 Effect of Catalysts on Pyrolytic End Products 243 8.4.3 Vapour Residence Times 249 8.4.4 Size of Feed Particles 255 8.4.5 Effect of Heating Rates 256 8.4.6 Effect of Atmospheric Gas 257 8.4.7 Effect of Biomass Type 262 8.4.8 Effect of Mineral 262 8.4.9 Effect of Moisture Contents 264 8.4.10 Effect of Bed Height and Bed Thickness 264 8.5 Types of Reactors 266 8.5.1 Fixed Bed Reactor 266 8.5.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor 266 8.5.3 Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) Reactor 267 8.5.4 Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Reactors 267 8.5.5 Ablative Reactor 268 8.5.6 Vacuum Pyrolysis Reactor 268 8.5.7 Rotating Cone Reactor 269 8.5.8 PyRos Reactor 270 8.5.9 Auger Reactor 270 8.5.10 Plasma Reactor 271 8.5.11 Microwave Reactor 272 8.5.12 Solar Reactor 272 8.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types of Reactors 272 8.7 Conclusion 274 Acknowledgements 275 References 275 9 Thermo-Catalytic Conversion of Non-Edible Seeds (Extractive-Rich Biomass) to Fuel Oil 285 Nilutpal Bhuyan, Neelam Bora, Rumi Narzari, Kabita Boruah and Rupam Kataki 9.1 Introduction 286 9.2 Thermochemical Technologies for Liquid Biofuel Production 289 9.2.1 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 289 9.2.2 Pyrolysis and Its Classification 292 9.3 Feedstock Classification for Biofuel Production 293 9.3.1 Agricultural Crops and Residues 294 9.3.2 Municipal and Industrial Wastes 294 9.3.3 Animal Wastes 295 9.3.4 Undesirable Plants or Weeds 295 9.3.5 Forest Wood and Residues 296 9.3.5.1 Non-Edible Oil Seeds: A Potential Feedstock for Liquid Fuel Production 296 9.3.5.2 Non-Edible Oil Seeds and Worldwide Availability 297 9.4 Characterization of Non-Edible Oil Seeds 310 9.5 Thermal Degradation Profile of Different Non-Edible Seeds 320 9.6 Preparation of Raw Materials for Pyrolysis 322 9.7 Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Thermal Conversion for Liquid Fuel Production 323 9.7.1 Non-Catalytic Pyrolysis 323 9.7.1.1 CHNSO Analysis of Seed Pyrolytic Oil 326 9.7.1.2 FTIR Analysis of Seed Pyrolytic Oil 326 9.8 Need for Up-Gradation of Pyrolytic Oil 329 9.8.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis 329 9.9 Application of Catalyst in Pyrolysis of Non-Edible Biomass 330 9.10 Effect of Parameters on Liquid Fuel Production 330 9.10.1 Effect of Operating Parameters on Yield 330 9.10.2 Effect of Temperature 339 9.10.3 Heating Rates 340 9.10.4 Effect of Flow of Sweeping Gas 340 9.10.5 Effect of Particle Size 341 9.10.6 Effect of Catalyst on Yield 341 9.10.7 Influence of Catalysts on Oil Composition 342 9.10.8 Effect of Catalyst Bed on Yield 343 9.10.9 Effect of Catalyst on Fuel Properties of Pyrolytic Oil 343 9.11 Fuel Properties of Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolytic Oil 343 9.12 Challenges in Utilization of Nonedible Oil Seed in Themocatalytic Conversion Process 345 9.13 Advantages and Drawbacks of Seed Pyrolytic Oils 346 9.14 Precautions Associated with the Application of Biofuel 347 9.15 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 348 References 350 10 Suitability of Oil Seed Residues as a Potential Source of Bio-Fuels and Bioenergy 361 Vikranth Volli, Randeep Singh, Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Chi-Min Shu 10.1 Introduction 362 10.2 Biomass Conversion Processes 363 10.3 Biomass to Bioenergy via Thermal Pyrolysis 367 10.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 367 10.3.2 Thermal Pyrolysis 368 10.4 Physicochemical Characterization of Bio-Oil 370 10.4.1 Physical Properties 370 10.4.2 FTIR Analysis 371 10.4.3 GC-MS Analysis 372 10.5 Engine Performance Analysis 384 10.5.1 Break Thermal Efficiency (BTE) 384 10.5.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) 384 10.5.3 Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) 385 10.6 Future Prospects and Recommendations 386 10.7 Conclusion 387 Acknowledgments 387 References 387 11 Co-Conversion of Algal Biomass to Biofuel 391 Abhishek Walia, Chayanika Putatunda, Preeti Solanki, Shruti Pathania and Ravi Kant Bhatia 11.1 Introduction 392 11.2 Mechanism of Co-Pyrolysis Process 394 11.2.1 Major Types of Pyrolysis and Co-Pyrolysis 396 11.3 Factors Impacting Co-Pyrolysis 398 11.3.1 Composition of Co-Pyrolysis Substrates and the Products Obtained in Co-Pyrolysis 398 11.3.2 Main Reactor Types Used During Biomass Co-Pyrolysis and the Process Conditions/Parameters 399 11.3.2.1 Classification of Biomass (Co) Pyrolysis Bioreactors 401 11.3.3 The Role of Catalysts in Biomass Co-Pyrolysis 405 11.3.3.1 Catalytic Hydrotreating 405 11.3.3.2 Types of Catalysts Available 407 11.3.3.3 Factors Affecting the Performance of Catalysts 409 11.3.3.4 Mechanisms of Deactivation of Catalysts 410 11.3.3.5 Catalytic Upgradation of Bio-Oil with Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) 410 11.4 Recent Advances and Studies on Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Different Substrates 411 11.5 Effect between Biomass and Different Substrates in Co-Pyrolysis 412 11.5.1 Increased Bio-Oil Yield 413 11.5.1.1 Type of Substrate 413 11.5.1.2 Particle Size 414 11.5.1.3 Temperature 415 11.5.1.4 Substrate to Biomass Ratio 416 11.5.1.5 Residence Time 417 11.5.2 Improved Oil Quality 417 11.5.2.1 Influence of Bioreactor 417 11.5.2.2 Influence of Catalyst 418 11.5.3 Effect of Biomass-Different Substrates Co-Pyrolysis on By-Products 420 11.5.3.1 Microalgae and Plastic Waste 420 11.5.3.2 Microalgae and Coal 423 11.5.3.3 Microalgae and Tires 424 11.6 Future Perspectives 425 11.7 Conclusion 427 References 428 12 Pyrolysis of Caryota Urens Seeds: Fuel Properties and Compositional Analysis 441 Midhun Prasad Kothandaraman and Murugavelh Somasundaram 12.1 Introduction 442 12.2 Types of Pyrolysis Reactor 443 12.2.1 Fluidized Bed Reactor 443 12.2.2 Fixed Bed Reactor 444 12.2.3 Auger Reactor 445 12.2.4 Rotating Cone Pyrolysis Reactor 446 12.3 Materials and Methods 447 12.3.1 Feedstock Preparation and Collection 447 12.3.2 Tubular Reactor for Conversion of Caryota Ures Seeds to Bio Oil 447 12.4 Product Analysis 448 12.4.1 Characterization of Feedstock and Oil Yield 448 12.5 Kinetic Modelling 449 12.5.1 Kissinger Method for Activation Energy Calculation 450 12.5.2 Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) Method for Activation Energy Calculation 450 12.5.3 Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) Method for Activation Energy Calculation 450 12.6 Result and Discussion 451 12.6.1 Characterization of Feedstock 451 12.6.2 Product Yield 452 12.6.3 FTIR of Bio Oil 452 12.6.4 GCMS of Bio Oil 453 12.6.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Caryota Urens 456 12.6.6 Activation Energy Calculation Using Isoconversional Models 459 12.6.6.1 Kissinger Method for Estimation of Activation Energy 459 12.6.6.2 KAS Method for Estimation of Activation Energy 460 12.6.6.3 The OFW Method 460 12.7 Conclusion 462 Acknowledgements 463 Nomenclature 463 References 463 13 Bio-Butanol as Biofuels: The Present and Future Scope 467 Seim Timung, Harsimranpreet Singh and Anshika Annu 13.1 Introduction 467 13.2 Butanol Global Market 469 13.3 History of ABE Fermentation 469 13.4 Feedstocks 470 13.4.1 Non-Lignocellulosic Feedstock 470 13.4.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 471 13.4.3 Algae 472 13.4.4 Waste Sources 474 13.4.5 Glycerol 475 13.5 Pretreatment Techniques 476 13.5.1 Acid Pretreatment 476 13.5.2 Alkali Pretreatment 477 13.5.3 Organosolvent Pretreatment 477 13.5.4 Other Pretreatment 478 13.6 Fermentation Techniques 478 13.7 Conclusion 479 References 480 14 Application of Nanotechnology in the Production of Biofuel 487 Trinath Biswal and Krushna Prasad Shadangi 14.1 Introduction 488 14.2 Various Nanoparticles Used for Production of Biofuel 489 14.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 489 14.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 491 14.2.3 Graphene and Graphene Derived Nanomaterial for Biofuel 493 14.2.4 Other Nanoparticles Applied in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biofuel Production 495 14.3 Factors Affecting the Performance of Nanoparticles in the Manufacturing Process of Biofuel 495 14.3.1 Nanoparticle Synthesis Temperature 496 14.3.2 Pressure During Synthesis of Nanoparticle 496 14.3.3 pH Influencing Synthesis of Nanoparticles 496 14.3.4 Size of Nanoparticles 496 14.4 Role of Nanomaterials in the Synthesis of Biofuels 496 14.5 Utilization of Nanomaterials for the Production of Biofuel 497 14.5.1 Production of Biodiesel Using Nanocatalysts 497 14.5.2 Application of Nanomaterials for the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 500 14.5.3 Application of Nanomaterials in Synthesis of Cellulase and Stability 501 14.5.4 Application of Nano-Materials in the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 501 14.5.5 Bio-Ethanol Production by Using Nanotechnology 502 14.5.6 Application of Nanotechnology in the Production of Bio-Ethanol or Cellulosic Ethanol 506 14.5.7 Up-Gradation of Biofuel by Using Nanotechnology 508 14.5.8 Use of Nanoparticles in Biorefinery 509 14.6 Conclusion 510 References 511 15 Experimental Investigation of Long Run Viability of Engine Oil Properties in DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diesel, Bioethanol and Biodiesel Blend 517 Dulari Hansdah and S. Murugan 15.1 Introduction 518 15.2 Materials and Method 519 15.2.1 Fuel Properties 520 15.3 Test Procedure 522 15.3.1 Engine Experimental Set Up 522 15.3.2 Methodology 525 15.4 Result Analysis 528 15.4.1 Wear Measurements of Different Components 528 15.4.2 Deposits of Carbon on the Various Engine Components 532 15.4.2.1 Cylinder Head and Piston Crown 532 15.4.2.2 Analysis Deposits on Fuel Injector 533 15.4.3 Analysis of Lubricating Oil 533 15.4.3.1 Effect of Crankcase Dilution 533 15.4.3.2 Analysis of Wear of Metals from Different Components 537 15.5 Conclusion 541 References 541 16 Studies on the Diesel Blends Oxidative Stability in Mixture with TBHQ Antioxidant and Soft Computation Approach Using ANN and RSM at Varying Blend Ratio 543 Ramesh Kasimani 16.1 Introduction 544 16.2 Materials and Methodology 545 16.2.1 Bio-Diesel Preparation and its Properties 545 16.2.2 Antioxidant Reagent 547 16.2.3 GC-MS Analysis 547 16.2.4 Oxidation Stability Determination 547 16.2.5 Uncertainty Analysis 548 16.2.6 Experimental Setup and Test Procedure 552 16.2.7 Response Surface Methodology 552 16.2.8 Artificial Neural Network 554 16.3 Results and Discussion 555 16.3.1 Oxidation Stability Analysis 555 16.3.2 Performance and Emission Characteristics of CIB Diesel Blends 556 16.3.3 Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption 556 16.3.4 Brake Thermal Efficiency 559 16.3.5 Carbon Monoxide 560 16.3.6 Hydrocarbon 561 16.3.7 Nitrogen Oxides 561 16.3.8 Carbon Dioxide 562 16.3.9 Performance and Emission Characteristics of CIB Diesel Blends + TBHQ 563 16.3.10 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption 563 16.3.11 Brake Thermal Efficiency 567 16.3.12 Carbon Monoxide 567 16.3.13 Hydrocarbon 568 16.3.14 Nitrogen Oxides 568 16.3.15 Carbon Dioxide 569 16.4 Response Surface Methodology for Performance Parameter 570 16.4.1 Non-Linear Regression Model for Performance Parameter 570 16.4.2 Fit Summary for BSFC 571 16.4.3 ANOVA for Performance Parameters 571 16.4.4 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for BSFC 571 16.4.5 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for BTE 576 16.4.6 Non-Linear Regression Model for Emission Parameter 578 16.4.7 Fit Summary for Emission Parameters 578 16.4.8 ANOVA for Emission Parameters 580 16.4.9 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for CO 586 16.4.10 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for HC 591 16.4.11 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for NOx 591 16.4.12 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for CO2 592 16.5 Modelling of ANN 593 16.5.1 Prediction of Performance Characteristics 596 16.5.2 Prediction of Emission Characteristics 597 16.6 Validation of RSM and ANN 599 16.7 Conclusion 606 References 608 17 Effect of Nanoparticles in Bio-Oil on the Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine 613 V.Dhana Raju, S.Rami Reddy, Harish Venu, Lingesan Subramani and Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar 17.1 Introduction 614 17.2 Materials and Methods 618 17.2.1 Waste Mango Seed Oil Extraction 618 17.2.2 Transesterification Process 619 17.2.3 Preparation of Alumina Nanoparticles 621 17.3 Experimental Setup 621 17.3.1 Error and Uncertainty Analysis 622 17.4 Results and Discussion 623 17.4.1 Mango Seed Biodiesel Yield 623 17.4.2 Characterization of Alumina Nanoparticles 624 17.4.3 Diverse Characteristics of Diesel Engine 625 17.4.3.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) 626 17.4.3.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) 627 17.4.3.3 Cylinder Pressure (CP) 628 17.4.3.4 Heat Release Rate (HRR) 629 17.4.3.5 Carbon Monoxide Emissions (CO) 629 17.4.3.6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) 630 17.4.3.7 Hydrocarbons Emissions (HC) 630 17.4.3.8 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions (NOX) 632 17.4.3.9 Smoke Opacity (SO) 632 17.5 Conclusions 633 Abbreviations 634 Nomenclature 634 References 635 18 Use of Optimization Techniques to Study the Engine Performance and Emission Analysis of Diesel Engine 639 Sakthivel R, Mohanraj T, Abbhijith H and Ganesh Kumar P 18.1 Introduction 640 18.1.1 Engine Performance Optimization 644 18.2 Engine Parameter Optimization Using Taguchi’s S/N 645 18.3 Engine Parameter Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology 649 18.3.1 Analysis of Variance 652 18.4 Artificial Neural Networks 653 18.5 Genetic Algorithm 659 18.6 TOPSIS Algorithm 662 18.6.1 TOPSIS Method for Optimizing Engine Parameters 666 18.7 Grey Relational Analysis 669 18.8 Fuzzy Optimization 674 18.9 Conclusion 675 Abbreviations 676 References 676 19 Engine Performance and Emission Analysis of Biodiesel-Diesel and Biomass Pyrolytic Oil-Diesel Blended Oil: A Comparative Study 681 K. Adithya, C.M Jagadesh Kumar, C.G. Mohan, R. Prakash and N. Gunasekar 19.1 Introduction 682 19.2 Experimental Analysis 683 19.2.1 Production of Coconut Shell Pyrolysis Oil 683 19.2.2 Production of JME 685 19.3 Experimental Set-Up 685 19.3.1 Engine Specifications 686 19.3.2 Error Analysis 686 19.4 Results and Discussion 687 19.4.1 Performance Parameters 687 19.4.1.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency 687 19.4.1.2 BSFC 688 19.4.1.3 Exhaust Gas Temperature 688 19.4.2 Emission Parameters 689 19.4.2.1 Carbon Monoxide 689 19.4.2.2 Hydrocarbons 689 19.4.2.3 NOx Emissions 691 19.4.2.4 Smoke Opacity 691 19.5 Conclusion 692 References 693 20 Agro-Waste for Second-Generation Biofuels 697 Prakash Kumar Sarangi and Mousumi Meghamala Nayak 20.1 Introduction 697 20.2 Agro-Wastes 699 20.3 Value-Addition of Agro-Wastes 700 20.4 Production of Second-Generation Biofuels 702 20.4.1 Biogas 702 20.4.2 Biohydrogen 702 20.4.3 Bioethanol 703 20.4.4 Biobutanol 703 20.4.5 Biomethanol 704 20.4.6 Conclusion 705 References 706 Index 711

About the Author :
Krushna Prasad Shadangi, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India. He earned his doctorate in chemical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India. He has ten years of research experience in the field of biofuel technologies and has contributed eight book chapters in edited books. He has published 22 papers in peer reviewed SCI journals and is an editorial board member on five international journals.