About the Book
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION INNOVATIONS Presenting the latest technologies and practices in this ever-changing field, this groundbreaking new volume covers the gambit for providing solutions and practical applications of smart and efficient energy systems.
The global and climate changes we are witnessing are primarily driven by factors such as rising population, economic growth, and industrialization. These changes have led to an increase in atmospheric CO2, pollution, deforestation, water scarcity, and hunger, among other pressing issues. To ensure a green and sustainable future, it is crucial to harness renewable resources for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials.
The book, Sustainable Production Innovations, addresses several bioprocesses that are integral to our daily lives, tackling important topics such as biofuel production, energy and food security, and wastewater management. The commercial interest in biotechnological processes has grown significantly due to their ability to utilize biocatalysts such as enzymes, bacteria, plant cells, or animal cells in bioreactors for the production of medications, health supplements, foods, biofuels, and chemicals.
Switching to bioproducts offers key benefits such as the sustainability of third-generation biofuels, CO2 sequestration, effective waste utilization, and meeting the increasing demand for clean water. The book explores various procedures used in biomass biorefineries and bioprocessing for the production of biofuels, biobased chemicals, and bioproducts. It also delves into advancements in utilizing oleaginous microorganisms for biofuels and nutraceuticals, biological wastewater treatment, and microplastic detection techniques in water. Additionally, the book covers topics such as biolubricant technologies, bioprocessing of agricultural and forest waste, biotechnological approaches in the cosmetic industry, and large-scale applications of nanomaterials for water treatment.
Authored by experts from leading biotechnology research groups around the world, the book comprises 13 chapters featuring the latest research in each subject. It is a valuable resource for scholars in chemical engineering, applied microbiology, biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, and related fields, offering new insights into the sustainable use of renewable energy and biochemicals. Professionals, including biochemical engineers, phycologists, bioprocess engineers, chemical engineers, scientists, and researchers in the water, food, pharmaceutical, and renewable energy industries will find this book beneficial. Likewise, students and faculty in the chemical engineering and energy departments will gain valuable knowledge from its contents.
Table of Contents:
1 Biolubricant 1
Danyang Cao, Leonidas Matsakas, Jie Zhang, Lisong Dong, Yijun Shi, Jiahua Zhu, Xin Feng, Xiaohua Lu and Liwen Mu
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Biolubricant Base Oil 4
1.2.1 Edible and Non-Edible Oils 5
1.2.2 Waste Cooking Oils 7
1.2.3 Microbial Oils 9
1.2.4 Lignocellulose Base Oil 10
1.3 Upgrading Process for Biolubricant Base Oil 13
1.3.1 Esterification/Transesterification 14
1.3.2 Epoxidation, Ring Opening, and Acetylation 16
1.3.3 Selective Hydrogenation 19
1.4 Biolubricant Additive 21
1.4.1 Types of Lubricant Additives 22
1.4.1.1 Viscosity Index Improver 22
1.4.1.2 Antioxidant Agent 23
1.4.1.3 Extreme Pressure Anti-Wear Agent 24
1.4.1.4 Pour Point Depressant 25
1.4.1.5 Others Lubricant Additives 25
1.4.2 Green Lubricating Additive 26
1.4.2.1 Vegetable Oil Based Lubricant Additives 27
1.4.2.2 Lignin Additives for Lubricant Formulation 31
1.4.2.3 Cellulose Additives for Lubricant Formulation 35
1.4.2.4 Amino Acids for Green Lubricating Additive 37
1.5 Perspective 49
References 51
2 Microbial Degradation of Plastics 57
Cecil Antony, Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Saravanakumar Thiyagarajan, Tamilarasan Selvaraj, Sathiya Sivaprakasam and Amit Kumar Sharma
2.1 Introduction 58
2.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Applications 59
2.2.1 Improved Consumer Health and Safety 60
2.2.2 Energy Savings 60
2.2.3 Material Conservation 61
2.2.4 Plastic Polymers and Their Future 61
2.3 Challenges in Plastic Waste Management 62
2.3.1 Problems Associated with Plastic Waste 62
2.3.2 Challenges Found in Plastic Waste Disposal 64
2.3.3 How Plastics Find Their Way into the Ecosystem 66
2.4 Environmental Hazards Caused by Plastics 67
2.4.1 Dissemination of Microplastics 68
2.4.2 Dissemination Route to Groundwater and Becoming Air Borne 68
2.4.3 Impacts of Microplastics on Soil Organisms 69
2.5 Microbial Plastic Degradation 69
2.5.1 Degradation of Plastics 70
2.5.2 Breakdown of Plastics by Microbes 71
2.5.3 Microbial Biomolecules and Plastic Degradation 72
2.5.4 Factors Affecting Plastic Biomineralization 73
2.6 Identification Methods of Microplastics 78
2.6.1 Visual Inspection Method 79
2.6.2 Detection Methods Based on Polymer Chemical Structure 80
2.6.2.1 Microplastic Identification with Artificial Intelligence Approach 84
2.7 Conclusion 88
References 88
3 Biotechnological Advances in Cosmetic Industry 103
Sneha Sawant Desai and Varsha Kelkar Mane
3.1 Introduction 104
3.2 Polysaccharides from Macroalgae 105
3.2.1 Fucoidans 105
3.2.2 Ulvan 105
3.2.3 Alginate 106
3.2.4 Carrageenan 106
3.2.5 Porphyran 106
3.3 Polysaccharides from Microalgae 107
3.3.1 UV Protective Compounds 107
3.4 Polyphenols 109
3.5 Pigments 111
3.5.1 Chlorophyll 111
3.5.2 Carotenoids 111
3.6 Vitamins 113
3.7 Peptides and Amino Acids 115
3.8 Current Scenario of Use of Algal Bio-Actives in Cosmetics 115
3.9 Other Cosmetic Advances 118
3.9.1 Growth Factors 118
3.9.2 Enzymes 119
3.9.3 Stem Cells 119
3.9.4 Peptides 120
3.9.5 miRNAs 122
3.9.6 Personalized Skincare 123
3.10 Conclusion 124
References 124
4 Large Scale Applications of Nanomaterials for Water Treatment: Challenges, Future Prospects, and the Visionary Future 137
Sukanchan Palit and P.S. Ranjit
4.1 Introduction 138
4.2 Vast Scientific Doctrine and the March of Science in Nanomaterials and Engineered Nanomaterials 139
4.3 The Scientific Vision of Bioremediation 139
4.4 Applications of Nanomaterials for Water Treatment 140
4.5 The Scientific Vision Behind Environmental Sustainability, Environmental Remediation, and the Road Ahead 142
4.6 Recent Scientific Advancements in the Field of Nanomaterial Applications in Water Treatment 143
4.7 Recent Scientific Advancements in the Field of Nanotechnology 150
4.8 Arsenic and Heavy Metal Groundwater Remediation, Application of Nanomaterials, and the Road Ahead 153
4.9 Conventional and Non-Conventional Environmental Engineering Techniques, the March of Engineering Science, and the Vast Vision for the Future 156
4.10 The Status of Environmental Engineering Research in the Global Scenario and the Research Forays Ahead 158
4.11 Future Scientific Recommendations and Future Flow of Scientific Thoughts 159
4.12 Conclusion and Scientific and Engineering Perspectives 159
References 160
5 Green Technologies for Pesticide Contaminated Soil and Water 163
Ahmad Rabbani, Akhilesh Kumar Mishra, Nishu Goyal and Smriti Arora
5.1 Introduction 164
5.2 Effect of Pesticides on Soil and Water Environment 167
5.2.1 Deterioration of Water Quality Due to Pesticides 168
5.2.2 Degradation of Soil Quality Due to Pesticides 169
5.3 Bacterial Degradation and Bioremediation of Pesticides from Polluted and Contaminated Soil and Water 170
5.3.1 Bioventing 171
5.3.2 Biosparging 171
5.3.3 Bioaugementation 173
5.3.4 Land Farming 174
5.3.5 Biopiling 175
5.4 Phytoremediation: An Effective Alternative Method 177
5.4.1 Phytotransformation 179
5.4.2 Phytovolatilization 180
5.4.3 Rhizoremediation 181
5.5 Novel Approaches for More Effective Bioremediation 182
5.5.1 Pesticides Biodegradation Using Recombinant Strains 182
5.5.2 Microbial Enzymes and Pathways Involved in Pesticide Degradation 183
5.6 Challenges and Future Prospects 184
5.7 Conclusion 185
References 186
6 Microalgae as Source of High Value Compounds 193
Dimitra Karageorgou and Petros Katapodis
6.1 Introduction 194
6.2 Produced Biocompounds and High-Value Products 195
6.2.1 Lipids 195
6.2.2 Protein and Amino Acids 199
6.2.3 Carbohydrates 201
6.2.4 Vitamins Production 204
6.2.5 Pigments 206
6.3 Conclusions 209
Acknowledgements 210
References 210
7 Advance Biotechnological, Pharmaceutical, and Medicinal Applications of Chitinases 223
Pradeep Kumar, Sangeta Saini, Mukesh Chand and Hari Om Sharma
Abbreviation 223
7.1 Introduction 224
7.2 Classification of Chitinases 225
7.3 Application of Chitinases 225
7.3.1 Medicinal Importance of Chitinases 225
7.3.2 Chitinase as Aging in COVID-19 226
7.3.3 Role of Chitinases as Bioinsecticide 226
7.3.4 Uses of AMCase for Asthma 227
7.3.5 Chitinases as Diagnostic Biomarker 227
7.3.6 CHI3L2 as Biochemical Marker for Osteoarthritis 227
7.3.7 Chitinases as Antitumor Drugs 228
7.3.8 Chitinase in Trichomoniasis Therapy 228
7.4 Future Prospects 228
Acknowledgements 229
References 229
8 Microbial Degradation of Plastics: Current Perspectives and Challenges 233
Narasimhan Manoj Kumar, Govindasamy Sharmila and Chandrasekaran Muthukumaran
8.1 Introduction 234
8.2 Biodegradation of Natural Plastics 235
8.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates Biodegradation 235
8.2.2 Polylactic Acid Biodegradation 236
8.3 Biodegradation of Synthetic Plastics 238
8.3.1 Polythene or Polyethylene Biodegradation 238
8.3.2 Polyurethane Biodegradation 241
8.3.3 Polyvinyl Chloride Biodegradation 243
8.3.4 Polystyrene Biodegradation 245
8.3.5 Polypropylene Biodegradation 248
8.3.6 Polyethylene Terephthalate Biodegradation 250
8.4 Conclusion and Prospects 264
References 265
9 Microbial Application in Food Industry 273
Cecil Antony, Tamilarasam Selvaraj, Dinesh Mohanakrishnan, Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Sathiya Sivaprakasam and Amit Kumar Sharma
9.1 Introduction 274
9.1.1 Production of Enzymes 274
9.1.2 Production of Organic Acids 275
9.2 Production of Colouring Agents and Flavours in Food Industry 278
9.3 Microbial Production of Flavour 279
9.4 Production of Polyhydric Alcohols 280
9.5 Production of Vitamins 280
9.5.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 281
9.5.2 Water Soluble Vitamins 282
9.6 Production of Lipids and Glycolipids 288
9.7 Microbes as Food 289
9.8 Solid State Fermentation and Its Application in Food Industry 292
9.9 Non-Beneficial or Food Borne Pathogens Detection 293
9.9.1 Nucleic Acid-Based Pathogen Detection 294
9.9.2 Immunological Based Methods 294
9.9.3 Biosensor Based Methods 295
9.9.3.1 Electrochemical Based Biosensors 296
9.9.3.2 Optical-Based Biosensors 297
9.9.3.3 Mass Based Biosensors 298
9.10 Conclusions 299
References 300
10 Biotechnological Approaches of Algae 307
Laxmi Mishra, Devvrat Pandey, Rahul Khan, Abhishek Singh, Nupur Gupta and Roshan Kumar
10.1 Introduction 308
10.2 Algal Biotechnology: Emerging Areas of Applications 309
10.2.1 Bio-Energy 309
10.2.1.1 Bio-Oil 309
10.2.1.2 Bio-Diesel 312
10.2.1.3 Bio-Gas 313
10.2.2 Food Supplements 314
10.2.3 Pigments 315
10.2.4 Bioplastic: Alternatives to Petrochemical-Based Plastics 316
10.2.5 Biocleanser 317
10.3 Algal Biotechnology: Emerging Areas of Technology 318
10.3.1 Algal Cultivation 319
10.3.2 Harvesting and Downstream Processing 320
10.3.3 Genetic Engineering 321
10.3.4 Genetic Screening: Phenomics 322
10.4 Conclusion 323
References 324
11 Cellulases: An Approach Towards Current Advances in Biofuel Conversion and Future Prospects 335
Pradeep Kumar, Mukesh Chand, Sangeta Saini and Sandeep Kumar
11.1 Introduction 335
11.2 Source of Cellulases 337
11.3 Cellulase Structure 337
11.4 Cellulase Mechanism 338
11.5 Production of Cellulases 338
11.6 Application of Cellulases 339
11.7 Production of Bioethanol from Lignocellulose 340
11.8 Conclusion 342
11.8.1 Future Prospects 342
Acknowledgements 342
References 343
12 Extraction of Biofuels and Valuable Products (Essential Fatty Acids) from Microalgae: The Greenhouse Gas Emissions 345
Sakshi Chaudhary, Pragya Chaturvedi, Deepti Chaudhary and Roshan Kumar
12.1 Introduction 346
12.2 Why is Biofuel Necessary? 348
12.3 Biofuel Production Technology 350
12.4 Conversion of Microalgae to Biofuel 351
12.4.1 Cultivation of Microalgae 351
12.4.2 Harvesting 352
12.4.3 Drying and Dewatering 352
12.4.4 Extraction of Oil 352
12.5 Lipid Extraction Techniques 352
12.6 Principal Products Acquired from Microalgae 354
12.6.1 Bioactive Compounds 355
12.6.1.1 Proteins from Microalgae 355
12.6.1.2 Pigments Obtained from Microalgal Biomass: β-Carotene, Lycopene, Astaxanthin, and Phycobiliproteins 356
12.6.1.3 Compounds with Antioxidant Function 356
12.6.1.4 Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity 357
12.6.1.5 Compounds with Anti-Inflammatory Action 358
12.6.1.6 Compounds with Health Promoting Functions 359
12.6.1.7 Compounds with Potential for Degenerative Diseases 360
12.6.1.8 Secondary Metabolites with Potential Commercial Value 360
12.7 Conclusion 361
References 361
13 Bioprocessing of Agricultural and Forest Waste 367
Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Cecil Anthony and Amit Kumar Sharma
13.1 Introduction 368
13.2 Agricultural Residues 371
13.3 Forest Waste 373
13.4 Biomass Composition 374
13.5 Anaerobic Digestion 379
13.6 Dark Fermentation 382
13.7 Photofermentation Bio-Processing Technologies 386
13.8 Dark- and Photo-Fermentation Bioprocessing 387
13.9 Conclusions 389
References 390
Index 395
