Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals

Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals Explore this easy-to-follow clinical manual on how to interpret electrocardiograms in canine and feline patients Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals delivers a simplified and accessible approach to electrocardiography interpretation for veterinarians treating dogs and cats. This practical manual covers a comprehensive list of arrhythmias and associated phenomena using an easy-to-follow format, with hundreds of electrocardiograms and ladder diagrams supporting the text. The book focuses on the clinical applications of electrocardiographic interpretation, with less emphasis on physics and subcellular mechanisms, making the book a useful patient-side resource. Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals offers readers an up-to-date understanding and knowledge of common and rare phenomena alike. Beginning with a description of the single cardiac cycle as illustrated by surface EKG, the book moves on to describe variations on the P-QRS-T complex that occur in response to chamber enlargement and hypertrophy. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A detailed discussion of aberrancy and its differentiation from ventricular ectopy A thorough exploration of arrhythmias and conduction disorders including escape mechanisms, atrioventricular block, extrasystoles, accelerated rhythms, tachycardias, flutter and fibrillation An examination of pacemaker basics, as well as a few common abnormalities and pacemaker problems, including undersensing, oversensing, and failure to capture Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram in Small Animals is a convenient, one-stop reference for the interpretation of electrocardiography in small animals for veterinary students, residents, and specialists as well as for small animal general practitioners.

Table of Contents:
Main Introduction Part I: The P-QRS-T: Introduction Chapter 1 The P-QRS-T: The Basics Chapter 2 The P-QRS-T: Some Abnormalities Chapter 3 The P-QRS-T: Trouble Part II: Aberrancy: Introduction Chapter 4 Atrial Aberrancy Chapter 5 Right Bundle Branch Block 1) Left Bundle Branch Block 2) Fascicular Blocks 3) Wide Complex Supraventricular Tachycardia and Interventricular Conduction Disturbances Part III: Arrhythmias: Introduction Sinoatrial Arrhythmias: Introduction 4) Sinoatrial Bradyarrhythmias 5) Sinoatrial Block 6) Sick Sinus Syndrome 7) Sinoatrial Tachyarrhyhmias  Atrial Arrhythmias: Introduction 8) Atrial Bradyarrhythmias 9) Atrial Extrasystoles 10) Atrial Tachycardia 11) Bypass-Tract Mediated Supraventricular Tachycardia 12) Atrial Flutter 13) Atrial Fibrillation  Junctional Arrhythmias: Introduction 14) Junctional Bradyarrhythmias 15) Atrioventricular Block 16) Junctional Extrasystoles 17) Junctional Tachycardia  Ventricular Arrhythmias: Introduction 18) Ventricular Bradyarrhythmias 19) Ventricular Extrasystoles 20) Ventricular Tachycardia, Flutter and Fibrillation Part IV: Pacemakers: Introduction 21) Pacemakers: The Basics 22) Pacemakers: Some Abnormalities 23) Pacemakers: Trouble Individual Chapter Subsections: Chapter 1 The P-QRS-T: The Basics Leads Waveforms/intervals Amplitudes Paper speeds Mean electrical axis False poling Situs Inversus Chapter 2 The P-QRS-T: Some Abnormalities P pulmonale/right atrial abnormality P pseudo-pulmonale P mitrale/left atrial abnormality Interratrial conduction defect P pseudo-mitrale P biatriale/biatrial abnormality P pseudo-biatriale Right ventricular hypertrophy/right axis deviation Left ventricular hypertrophy/left axis deviation Biventricular hypertrophy Horizontal axis Vertical axis Indeterminant axis Early repolarization Chapter 3 The P-QRS-T: Trouble P-R segment changes Q-T segment changes The prolonged QRS Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Other changes calcium magnesium Q-Ti prolongation hypothermia Digoxin effects Cushing’s response S-T segment elevation/depression myocardial infarction/ischemic changes Low-voltage QRS Electrical alternans Pericarditis Chapter 4 Atrial Aberrancy Interatrial/Intra-atrial block Chung’s phenomenon Atrial ectopy Chapter 5 Right Bundle Branch Block Incomplete right bundle branch block Ashman’s phenomenon/2nd-in-a-row anomaly Rate-dependent and intermittent right bundle branch block Complete right bundle branch block Chapter 6 Left Bundle Branch Block Incomplete left bundle branch block Rate-dependent and intermittent left bundle branch block Complete left bundle branch block Chapter 7 Fascicular Blocks Left anterior fascicular block Left medial fascicular block Left posterior fascicular block Bilateral bundle branch block Bifascicular block Masquerading bundle branch block Trifascicular block Arborization block Chapter 8 Wide Complex Supraventricular Tachycardia and Interventricular Conduction Disturbances Wide complex supraventricular tachycardia Interventricular conduction disturbances Chapter 9 Sinoatrial Bradyarrhythmias Sinus bradycardia Sinus arrhythmia Non-phasic sinus arrhythmia Phasic sinus arrhythmia Respiratory sinus arrhythmia Wandering pacemaker Non-respiratory phasic sinus arrhythmia Ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia Sinus bigeminy Sinoatrial escape-capture bigeminy Sinus pause Sinus arrest Asystole Chapter 10 Sinoatrial Block Type I 2nd degree sinoatrial block Type II 2nd degree sinoatrial block Chapter 11 Sick Sinus Syndrome Overdrive suppression Sinus nodal dysfunction Bradycardia variant Tachycardia-bradycardia variant Chapter 12 Sinoatrial Tachyarrhythmias Sinoatrial extrasystoles Reciprocation Parasystole Sinus tachycardia Sinus nodal reentrant tachycardia Chapter 13 Atrial Bradyarrhythmias Atrial escape beats Atrial escape-capture bigeminy Atrial escape rhythm Atrial standstill Hyperkalemia Sinoventricular rhythm Atrial muscular dystrophy Chapter 14 Atrial Extrasystoles Atrial premature complexes Right atrial premature complexes Left atrial premature complexes Multifocal atrial premature complexes Resetting Resetting with a pause Interpolation Atrial bigeminy Atrial trigeminy Atrial premature complexes with aberrancy Supernormal excitation Non-conducted atrial premature complexes Atrial fusion Reciprocation Parasystole Chapter 15 Atrial Tachycardia Accelerated atrial rhythm Automatic atrial tachycardia Interratrial reentrant tachycardia Atrial dissociation Chapter 16 Bypass-Tract Mediated Supraventricular Tachycardia Ventricular pre-excitation and accessory pathways Ventricular fusion Atrial echo Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia Orthodromic Antidromic Chapter 17 Atrial Flutter Atrial flutter Type I atrial flutter typical reverse typical/atypical Type II atrial flutter (“true atypical”) Atrioventricular block Artifacts Chapter 18 Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation Aberrancy Ashman’s phenomenon Ventricular ectopics Rule of bigeminy Atrioventricular dissociation        Concealed conduction Chapter 19 Junctional Bradyarrhythmias Junctional escape beats Junctional escape-capture bigeminy Junctional escape rhythm Rule of reset Reciprocation Junctional dissociation (double junctional rhythms) Ventriculophasic junctional arrhythmia Chapter 20 Atrioventricular Block 1st degree atrioventricular block (incomplete atrioventricular block with long P-Ri) 2nd degree atrioventricular block (incomplete atrioventricular block) Type I 2nd degree atrioventricular block Low grade Typical Wenckebach periodicity Atypical Wenckebach periodicity 2:1 Wenckebach High grade Type II 2nd degree atrioventricular block Low grade 2:1 Mobitz High grade Block/acceleration dissociation Paroxysmal atrioventricular block 3rd degree atrioventricular block (complete atrioventricular block) Junctional escape Ventricular escape Atrioventricular dissociation Ventriculoatrial block Exit block Chapter 21 Junctional Extrasystoles Junctional premature complexes Resetting Resetting with a pause Interpolation Junctional bigeminy Junctional trigeminy Junctional premature complexes with aberrancy Non-conducted junctional premature complexes Concealed conduction Atrial fusion Reciprocation Parasystole Chapter 22 Junctional Tachycardia Accelerated junctional rhythm Isorhythmic dissociation Accrochage Synchrony Automatic junctional tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Orthodromic Antidromic Chapter 23 Ventricular Bradyarrhythmias Ventricular escape beats Ventricular escape-capture bigeminy Ventricular escape rhythm Electromechanical dissociation Asystole Chapter 24 Ventricular Extrasystoles Ventricular premature complexes Right ventricular premature complexes Left ventricular premature complexes Compensatory pause Compensatory-like pause Interpolation Post-extrasystolic aberrancy Ventricular bigeminy The Rule of bigeminy Ventricular trigeminy Ventricular quadrigeminy and pentageminy Concealed conduction (“non-conducted ventricular premature complexes”) Concealed ventricular bigeminy Concealed ventricular trigeminy Ventricular fusion Ventriculoatrial conduction and reciprocation Atrial fusion Parasystole Chapter 25 Ventricular Tachycardia, Flutter and Fibrillation Accelerated idioventricular rhythm Atrioventricular dissociation Isorhythmic dissociation Accrochage Synchrony Ventriculoatrial association and accelerated ventricular rhythm Polymorphic and bidirectional accelerated idioventricular rhythm Ventricular tachycardia Left ventricular tachycardia Fascicular ventricular tachycardia Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia Right ventricular tachycardia Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia Bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia Ventriculoatrial block Double tachycardia Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Torsades de pointes Ventricular flutter Ventricular fibrillo-flutter/ventricular dissociation Ventricular fibrillation Chapter 26 Pacemakers: The Basics Indications Unipolar vs. bipolar Modes Endocardial/transvenous vs. epicardial leads MEA of the paced QRS Chapter 27 Pacemakers: Some Abnormalities Concealed conduction VA conduction Paced fusion complexes Paced pseudofusion complexes Paced reciprocal complexes Chapter 28 Pacemakers: Trouble Undersensing Oversensing Failure to capture Battery depletion Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia Pacemaker syndrome

About the Author :
The author Nick A. Schroeder, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology), is a staff cardiologist at LeadER Animal Special Hospital in Cooper City, Florida, USA.