Innovative and Emerging Technologies for Textile Dyeing and Finishing

With the public enhanced awareness towards eco-preservation, eco-safety and health concerns, environmentally benign, nontoxic and sustainable bioresource materials produced mainly from non-food crops have revolutionized all industrial sectors particularly textile industry. In recent years, textile industries in developed countries are getting increasing interest in global interest due to the varied and changing world market conditions in terms of price, durability and fiber mixtures as well as design, colors, weight, ease of handling and product safety. The increasing environmental and health concerns owing to the use of large quantities of water and hazardous chemicals in conventional textile finishing processes lead to the design and development of new dyeing strategies and technologies. Effluents produced from these textiles wet processing industries are very diverse in chemical composition, ranging from inorganic finishing agents, surfactants, chlorine compounds, salts, total phosphate to polymers and organic products. This aspect forced western countries to exploit their high technical skills in the advancements of textile materials for high quality technical performances, and development of cleaner production technologies for cost effective and value-added textile materials. Therefore, vast and effective research investigations have been undertaken all over the world to minimize the negative environmental impact of synthetic chemical agents through the sustainable harvest of eco-friendly bioresource materials. The book will discuss following research developments in academic and industry: Improvement in dye extraction and its applications Impact of textile dyeing on environment Textile finishing by natural and ecofriendly means Natural dyes as environmental-friendly bioresource products Textile effluent remediation via physical, chemical and biological processes.

Table of Contents:
Preface xv 1 Eco-Friendly Stimuli and Their Impact on the Tinctorial Capacity of Textile Materials 1 Vasilica Popescu and Luminita Ciobanu 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Characterization of Ultrasound Physical Stimuli 2 1.2.1 Ultrasonic Equipment 3 1.2.2 Effects of Ultrasound in Liquid Mediums 4 1.2.3 Types of Ultrasound Cavitation 6 1.2.4 The Action of Ultrasound on Polymers 7 1.2.5 Applications of Ultrasound in Textile Finishing 8 1.2.5.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Washing of Textile Materials 9 1.2.5.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Pre-Treatments (Scouring, Bleaching) 9 1.2.5.3 Ultrasound as Physical Stimulus for Textile Dyeing 11 1.2.5.4 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Dyeing Using Natural Dyes 11 1.2.5.5 Ultrasound-Assisted Dyeing Using Synthetic Dyes 13 1.2.5.6 Ultrasound-Assisted Aftertreatments 25 1.2.5.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ultrasound 25 1.3 Microwave as Stimulus for the Textile Wet Processes 26 1.3.1 Characterization of Microwaves 26 1.3.2 Applications of Microwaves 26 1.3.3 Microwave Ovens 27 1.3.3.1 Working Principle of the Microwave Oven 27 1.3.4 Microwaves Working Principle for Wet Processes in the Textile Industry 28 1.3.5 Factors and Analyses that Highlight the Effects of Microwaves on Textile Wet Processes 29 1.3.6 Eco-Friendly Microwave-Assisted Dyeing Process of Acrylic Knitted Fabrics 30 1.3.6.1 Characterization of the Stages of the Eco-Friendly Microwave-Assisted Process 31 1.3.6.2 Modifications of Acrylic Fibers under the Action of Microwaves 33 1.4 Conclusions 38 References 39 2 Skincare Finishes to Textiles 45 Angela Danila and Laura Chirila 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Types of Skincare Textiles 48 2.2.1 Textiles with UV Protection Properties 48 2.2.2 Textiles With Antimicrobial Properties 50 2.2.3 Textiles with Anti-Cellulite Properties 51 2.2.4 Textiles with Antioxidant Properties 52 2.2.5 Textiles With Anti-Aging Properties 54 2.2.6 Textiles With Moisturizing Properties 55 2.2.7 Textiles With Flavoring Properties 57 2.2.8 Textiles With Refreshing and Relaxing Properties 73 2.3 Techniques for Skincare Compounds Embedding 74 2.4 Techniques for Microparticles Applying on Textile Supports 76 2.5 Conclusion 79 References 79 3 Recent Advances in Synthetic Dyes 91 Suhail Ayoub Khan, Daud Hussain and Tabrez Alam Khan 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Synthetic Dyes in Textile Coloration 92 3.3 Synthetic Dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 99 3.4 Synthetic Dyes in Liquid Crystal Display 102 3.5 Synthetic Dyes in Fluorescent Sensors 105 3.6 Synthetic Dyes in the Detection of G-Quadruplex DNA 106 3.7 Conclusion 107 References 107 4 Natural Dye Extraction and Dyeing of Different Fibers: A Review 113 Bota, Sanda and Indrie, Liliana 4.1 Introduction 114 4.2 Classification of Natural Dyes 116 4.2.1 Sources of Natural Dye 117 4.2.2 Classification According to Method of Application 117 4.2.3 Based in Chemical Structure 118 4.3 Color-Based Classification 122 4.4 Dyeing With Natural Color From Calendula offcinalis 124 4.5 Extraction of Natural Dyes 125 4.6 Dyeing Methods 127 4.6.1 Mordanting Methods 127 4.6.2 Dyeing Methods 130 4.7 Conclusions 131 References 131 5 Airflow, Foam, and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Dyeing Technologies 137 Molla Tadesse Abate and Melkie Getnet Tadesse 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Airflow Dyeing Technology 138 5.2.1 Airflow Dyeing Process 140 5.2.2 Airflow Dyeing Steps 140 5.2.3 Airflow Dyeing Machines 141 5.2.4 Advantages of Airflow Dyeing 143 5.3 Foam Dyeing Technology 145 5.3.1 Principle of Foam Dyeing 146 5.3.2 Foam and Properties 146 5.3.3 Foam Processing Steps 147 5.3.4 Foam Dyeing of Textiles 149 5.3.5 Advantages of Foam Dyeing Technology 151 5.4 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Dyeing Technology 152 5.4.1 Physicochemical Properties of scCO2 153 5.4.2 The Supercritical CO2 Dyeing Process 154 5.4.3 Mechanism of Dyeing in scCO2—A Focus on Polyester 156 5.4.4 Supercritical CO2 Dyeing of Other Synthetic Fibers 157 5.4.5 Supercritical CO2 Dyeing of Natural Fibers 158 5.4.6 Advantages of scCO2 Dyeing Technology 158 5.5 Conclusion 159 References 160 6 Colored Nanofiber Production: A Literature Review and Case Study 165 Derman Vatansever Bayramol, Rıza Atav, Ahmet Özgür Ağırgan and Aylin Yıldız 6.1 Introduction 166 6.2 Electrospinning 170 6.2.1 Historical Background 170 6.2.2 Solution Electrospinning 172 6.2.3 Melt Electrospinning 173 6.3 Colored Nanofiber Production 175 6.4 A Case Study: Silver Cyclohexane Mono Carboxylate: β-Cyclodextrine Inclusion Complex Doped Colored Functional Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanoweb Production 177 6.4.1 Introduction 177 6.4.2 Material and Methods 179 6.4.3 Results and Discussions 180 6.4.3.1 Results Related to the Production of Ag-CC:β-CD Doped PVA Nanofibers 180 6.4.3.2 Results Related to the Production of Ag-CC:β-CD Doped Colored PVA Nanofibers 183 6.5 Conclusion 184 Acknowledgements 185 References 185 7 The Effect of Plasma Treatment on Dyeing of Natural Fibers 191 Maryam Naebe, Abu Naser Md Ahsanul Haque and Aminoddin Haji 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Types of Plasma 192 7.3 Plasma Application on Natural Fibers 194 7.3.1 Cotton 194 7.3.2 Wool 200 7.3.3 Other Natural Fibers 204 7.4 Environmental Impact 206 7.5 Conclusions 207 References 208 8 The Effect of Plasma Treatment on Dyeing of Synthetic Fibers 213 Aminoddin Haji, Abu Naser Md Ahsanul Haque and Maryam Naebe 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 Mechanism of Plasma Interaction With the Substrate 215 8.3 Achievable Functionalities by Plasma Application 217 8.3.1 Wettability 217 8.3.2 Dyeing and Printability 217 8.3.3 Desizing 217 8.3.4 Cleaning and Sterilization 218 8.3.5 Adhesion Enhancement 218 8.3.6 Hydrophobicity 218 8.3.7 Other Finishing Effects 218 8.4 Application on Synthetic Fibers 219 8.4.1 Polyester 219 8.4.2 Nylon 223 8.4.3 Polypropylene 225 8.4.4 Acrylic 227 8.5 The Current Standpoint of Plasma Application 227 8.6 Conclusions 228 References 228 9 Ozone-Based Finishing of Textile Materials 235 M. İbrahim Bahtiyari and Ayşegül Körlü 9.1 Introduction 235 9.1.1 Solutions that can be Applied for Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Production 237 9.2 Application of Ozone in Textile Finishing 239 9.2.1 General Approach to Ozone Gas 239 9.2.1.1 Physical and Chemical Features of Ozone 240 9.2.1.2 Generation of the Ozone Gas 242 9.2.2 Applications—Usages of Ozone Gas 243 9.2.2.1 Ozone Applications in Pretreatment of Textile Materials 244 9.2.2.2 Ozone Applications in Coloration of Textile Materials 251 9.3 Conclusion with Future Expectation 257 References 258 10 Ultrasound-Based Wet Processes in Textile Industry 265 Ayşegül Körlü and M. İbrahim Bahtiyari 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Application of Ultrasound in Textile Finishing 267 10.2.1 Ultrasonic Pretreatment of Textile Materials 271 10.2.1.1 Pretreatment of Cellulosic Fibers With the Help of Ultrasound 272 10.2.1.2 Pretreatment of Protein-Based Fibers With the Help of Ultrasound 275 10.2.1.3 Pretreatment of Synthetic Fibers With the Help of Ultrasound 276 10.2.2 Ultrasonic Coloration of Textile Materials 277 10.2.2.1 Ultrasound in Coloration of Cellulosic Fibers 278 10.2.2.2 Ultrasound in Coloration of Protein-Based Fibers 280 10.2.2.3 Ultrasound in Coloration of Synthetic Fibers 281 10.2.3 Ultrasonic Finishing of Textile Materials 283 10.2.3.1 Ultrasound in Finishing of Cellulosic Fibers 284 10.2.3.2 Ultrasound in Finishing of Protein-Based Fibers 286 10.2.3.3 Ultrasound in Finishing of Synthetic Fibers 287 10.3 Conclusion With Future Expectation 289 References 290 11 Synthetic and Natural UV Protective Agents for Textile Finishing 301 Anuradha Sankaran, Arpana Kamboj, Lata Samant and Seiko Jose 11.1 Introduction 302 11.2 Role of Textiles in Protective Clothing 303 11.3 Factors Influencing Ultraviolet Radiation 305 11.3.1 Ozone 305 11.3.2 Cloud Cover 305 11.3.3 Air Quality 306 11.3.4 Altitude 306 11.3.5 Latitude 306 11.3.6 Surface Reflection 306 11.3.7 Water Depth 307 11.4 Susceptibility of Various Textiles on UV Radiations 307 11.5 Method of Analysis and Standard 308 11.5.1 Global Solar UV Index (UVI) 309 11.5.2 Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4399-2017 310 11.6 Synthetic Organic Compounds for UV Protection of Textiles 310 11.7 Ultraviolet Protection of Textiles From Natural Dyes 314 11.8 Nanotechnological Interventions in UV Protective Textiles 315 11.8.1 UV Protection of Nano-ZnO on Textiles 315 11.8.2 UV Protection of Nano-TiO2 on Textiles 316 11.8.3 UV Protection of Nanosilver on Textiles 317 11.9 Graphene as UV Blocker for Textiles 317 11.10 Conclusion 319 References 319 12 Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Finishes for Textiles 325 Laura Chirila and Angela Danila 12.1 Introduction 326 12.2 Textiles With Special Wettability Properties 328 12.2.1 Surface Wetting Theories 328 12.2.2 Liquid Repellent Coating Design Factors 331 12.2.2.1 Surface Chemistry 332 12.2.3 Surface Roughness 332 12.3 Liquid Repellent Treatments of Textile Materials 332 12.3.1 Coatings Based on C8 Fluorinated for Super/Hydrophobic and Super/Oleophobic Treatments of Textile Materials 334 12.3.2 Sustainable Super/Hydrophobic and Super/Oleophobic Treatments for Textiles 334 12.3.2.1 Coatings Based on ≤C6 Fluorinated for Super/Hydrophobic and Super/Oleophobic Treatments of Textile Materials 337 12.3.2.2 Coatings Based on Non-Fluorinated for Super/Hydrophobic and Super/Oleophobic Treatments of Textile Materials 346 12.4 Characterization Methods of Repellency Degree 361 12.4.1 Contact Angle Measurement 361 12.4.2 Standardized Tests 362 12.5 Properties Desired of Liquid-Repellent Coatings 363 12.6 Environmental Impact 363 12.7 Conclusions 365 References 367 13 Flame Retardant Finish for Textile Fibers 373 Nur-Us-Shafa Mazumder and Mohammad Tajul Islam 13.1 Introduction 373 13.2 Importance of Flame Retardant Finish 374 13.3 Factors Affecting the Flammability of Textiles 375 13.3.1 Fabric Construction 375 13.3.2 Textile Fibers 376 13.3.3 Types of Polymer 376 13.4 Mechanism of Combustion of Textile Fibers 377 13.5 Flame Retardants 378 13.5.1 Mode of Action 379 13.5.1.1 Gas-Phase Mode 379 13.5.1.2 Condensed-Phase Mode 379 13.5.1.3 Other Mode 380 13.5.2 Flame Retardant Chemicals 380 13.5.2.1 Halogen-Based Flame Retardants 381 13.5.2.2 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants 381 13.5.2.3 Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants 383 13.5.2.4 Silicon-Based Flame Retardants 384 13.5.2.5 Nanocomposites 384 13.6 Flame Retardant Finish for Different Polymers 386 13.6.1 Flame Retardant Finish for Cellulosic Polymer 386 13.6.1.1 Non-Durable Flame Retardant Finish for Cellulosic Polymer 387 13.6.1.2 Durable Flame Retardant Finish for Cellulosic Polymer 388 13.6.2 Flame Retardant Finish for Protein Polymer 391 13.6.3 Flame Retardant Finish for Synthetic Polymer 392 13.7 Different Flame Retardant Techniques 394 13.7.1 Intumescent Flame Retardant Techniques 394 13.7.2 Layer-by-Layer Flame Retardant Techniques 394 13.7.3 Sol–Gel Flame Retardant Techniques 395 13.8 Assessment of Flame Retardancy 396 13.9 Application of Flame Retardant Textiles 396 13.10 Environmental Issues and Sustainable Flame Retardants 400 References 401 Index 407