The Evolution of Management Thought

The eighth edition of The Evolution of Management Thought provides readers witha deep understanding of the origin and development of management ideas. Spanning an expansive time period, from the pre-industrial era to the modern age of globalization, this landmark volume examines the backgrounds, original work, and influences of major figures and their contributions to advances in management theory and practice. This fully-revised edition has been painstakingly reviewed and thoroughly updated to reflect areas of contemporary management such as job design, motivation, leadership, organization theory, technological change, and increased worker diversity. In this classic text, authors Daniel Wren and Arthur Bedeian examine the management challenges and perspectives of the Industrial Revolution, discuss the emergence of the management process and systematic management, trace the rise of scientific management, and much more. Organized around a chronological framework, the text places a comprehensive range of management theories in their historical context to clearly illustrate their evolution over time. The book’s four parts, each designed to be a self-contained unit of study, contain extensive cross-references to allow readers to connect earlier to later developments to the volume’s central unifying theme.

Table of Contents:
About the Authors xvii Preface xix Part 1 Early Management Thought 1 A Prologue to the Past 3 A Cultural Framework 4 The Economic Facet 4 The Social Facet 5 The Political Facet 5 The Technological Facet 5 People, Management, and Organizations 6 Human Activity 7 Organizations and Management 7 Summary 8 2 Management Before Industrialization 9 Management in Early Civilizations 9 The Near East 9 The Far East and South Asia 10 Egypt 11 The Hebrews 12 Greece 13 Rome 14 The Roman Catholic Church 15 Feudalism and the Middle Ages 15 The Revival of Commerce 16 Cultural Rebirth 18 The Protestant Ethic 19 A Criticism of the Weberian Thesis 21 Modern Support for Weber 22 The Liberty Ethic 23 The Market Ethic 25 Summary 28 3 The Industrial Revolution: Challenges and Perspective 30 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 30 The Steam Engine 31 Management: The Fourth Factor of Production 33 Management Challenges in Early Factories 34 The Labor Challenge 34 The Search for Managerial Talent 39 Planning, Organizing, and Controlling 41 Cultural Consequences of the Industrial Revolution 42 Working Conditions 43 Child and Female Labor 44 Summary 46 4 Management Pioneers in Early Factories 48 Robert Owen: The Search for a New Harmony 48 Early Managerial Experiences 48 The Call for Reform 50 Charles Babbage: The Irascible Genius 52 The First Computer 53 Analyzing Industrial Operations 54 Andrew Ure: Pioneering in Management Education 56 Principles of Manufacturing 56 Charles Dupin: Industrial Education in France 58 The Pioneers: A Final Note 59 Summary 60 5 The Industrial Revolution in the United States 61 Antebellum Industry and Management 61 Early Industrial Development 62 The American System of Manufacturing 64 The Railroads: A Revolution in Transportation 66 The Communication Revolution 66 The Age of Rails 67 Daniel C. McCallum: System and Organization 68 Henry V. Poor: A Broader View of Management 70 Emerging Governance Issues 71 Summary 73 6 Industrial Growth and Systematic Management 74 The Growth of “Big Business” 74 Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business 75 The Emergence of Systematic Management 77 Engineers and Economists 77 The Labor Question 80 Big Business and Its Changing Environment 83 Business and Society: Barons or Benefactors? 83 Business and Labor: Uneasy Relations 87 Inventive and Innovative Impulses 88 Business and Government: Seeds of Reform 89 Summary of Part 1 90 Part 2 The Scientific-Management Era 7 The Advent of Scientific Management 95 Frederick W. Taylor: The Early Years 95 Taylor at Midvale 96 The Search for Science in Management 98 The Quest for Improved Performance Incentives 99 Task Management 102 Taylor: The Manager and the Consultant 104 Taylor: The Peripatetic Philosopher 108 The Eastern Rate Case 109 Watertown and the Congressional Investigation 112 The Mental Revolution 116 Taylor and the Human Factor 119 A Final Note 121 Summary 123 8 Spreading the Gospel of Efficiency 124 The Most Orthodox: Carl G. Barth 124 Charting Other Paths: Henry L. Gantt 126 The Task and Bonus System 126 The Habits of Industry 127 Graphic Aids to Management 128 The Later Years 130 Partners for Life: The Gilbreths 132 Nothing Succeeds Like . . .  133 And So, into Scientific Management 135 Support for The Scientific-Management Movement 136 The First Lady of Management 138 Efficiency Through Organization: Harrington Emerson 142 Line and Staff Organization 143 Twelve Principles of Efficiency 144 The “High Priest of Efficiency” 145 The Gospel in Public-Sector Organizations: Morris L. Cooke 146 The Boxly Talks 148 Public Administration 149 Summary 151 9 The Human Factor: Preparing the Way 152 Personnel Management: A Dual Heritage 152 Personnel Administration as Welfare Work 153 Scientific Management and Personnel Administration 155 Psychology and the Individual 159 Toward Scientific Psychology 160 The Birth of Industrial Psychology 160 The Social-Person Era: Theory, Research, and Practice 162 Antecedents of Industrial Sociology 163 Sociological Foundations 165 Early Empirical Investigations 165 “Democratization of the Workplace” 166 The Trade-Union Movement 166 The Changing Nature of Union–Management Cooperation 168 Employee Representation Plans 170 Summary 171 10 The Emergence of the Management Process and Organization Theory 172 Henri Fayol: The Man and His Career 172 The Need for Management Theory 175 The Principles of Management 176 The Elements of Management 179 A Final Note 184 Max Weber: Bureaucracy 184 Bureaucracy as the Ideal 185 Advantages of Bureaucracy 186 Disadvantages of Bureaucracy 187 Summary 189 11 Scientific Management in Theory and Practice 190 The Study and Practice of Scientific Management 190 Education for Industrial Management 191 The International Scientific-Management Movement 194 Scientific Management in Industrial Practice 204 The Hoxie Report 205 The Thompson and Nelson Studies 208 Emerging General Management 210 The Impact of Scientific Management on Other Disciplines 210 Early Organization Theory 211 Scientific Management at DuPont and General Motors 212 Business Policy 214 Summary 216 12 Scientific Management in Retrospect 217 The Economic Environment: From the Farm to the Factory 218 The Technological Environment: Opening New Horizons 219 The Social Environment: From Achievement to Affiliation 222 The Collision Effect 222 The Social Gospel 223 The Political Environment: The Advent of Progressivism 225 Scientific Management and the Progressives 225 Business and the Progressives 226 Summary of Part II 227 Part 3 The Social-Person Era 13 The Hawthorne Studies 231 The Hawthorne Studies Begin 232 Illumination Study (1924–1927) 232 Relay-Assembly Test-Room Study (1927–1932) 233 Interviewing Program (1925–1932) 238 Bank-Wiring Observation Room Study (1931–1932) 241 Organizations as Social Systems 243 Human Relations, Leadership, and Motivation 244 Human Relations and Human Collaboration 245 Anomie and Social Disorganization 247 Developing the Human-Relations-Oriented Manager 247 Human Relations and Motivation 248 Summary 249 14 The Search for Organizational Integration 251 Mary P. Follett: The Political Philosopher 251 The Group Principle 252 Conflict Resolution 253 A Business Philosopher 255 Authority, Responsibility, and Power 256 The Task of Leadership 257 A Final Note 259 Chester I. Barnard: The Erudite Executive 260 The Nature of Cooperative Systems 260 Formal Organizations: Theory and Structure 262 The Acceptance Theory of Authority 263 The Functions of the Executive 264 Moral Leadership 265 A Final Note 266 Summary 266 15 People and Organizations 267 People at Work: The Micro View 267 Developing Constructs for Group Analysis 267 The Growth of Human-Relations Research and Training 271 Changing Assumptions About People at Work 272 People and Motivation 272 Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment 274 Participation in Decision-Making 275 Leadership: Combining People and Production 276 People at Work: The Macro View 278 Organizations as Sociotechnical Systems 278 New Tools for Macro Analysis 279 Summary 281 16 Organizations and People 282 Organizations: Structure and Design 282 James D. Mooney: Organization Theory and Practice 283 Texts, Teachers, and Trends 285 Building Blocks for Administrative Theory 288 Span of Control 290 Toward a Top-Management Viewpoint 291 Ralph C. Davis: Pater Familiae et Magister 291 Harry A. Hopf: Toward the Optimum 293 Analyzing Top Management 294 Ownership and Control 296 Invisible and Visible Hands 296 Summary 298 17 Human Relations in Theory and Practice 299 The Impact of Human Relations on Theory and Practice 299 Applying and Extending Human Relations 299 Hawthorne Revisited 300 Premises About an Industrial Society 300 Research Methods and Data Interpretation 302 Summary 306 18 The Social-Person Era in Retrospect 307 The Economic Environment: From Depression to Prosperity 307 Attempts at Economic Recovery 308 Big Business as Culprit 309 Seeds of Change: New Technologies 310 The Social Environment: Reshaping the Nation’s Values 312 Shifting Social Values 312 “Organization Men” 314 The Political Environment: FDR’s Pledge 316 The New Deal 316 Augmenting the Position of Labor 317 Summary of Part III 319 Part 4 Moving Onward: The Near Present 19 Management Theory and Practice 323 The Renaissance of General Management 323 Principles of Management and the Functions of Management 324 Peter F. Drucker and the Practice of Management 325 Management Education: Challenges and Consequences 326 The “Management Theory Jungle” 327 Management Education: The Porter–McKibbin Report 328 The Management Theory–Practice Divide 329 Post-Fayol: Studies of Managerial Work 331 Global Studies of Managerial Work 332 Managing Across Borders 333 The Changing Scene 334 Markets and Hierarchies 334 The Resource- and Knowledge-Based Theories of the Firm 335 Governance and Agency Issues 336 From Business Policy to Strategic Management to Global Strategy 337 Multinational Enterprise and Global Strategy 338 Strategic Leadership and “Dynamic Capabilities” 339 Summary 341 20 Organizational Behavior and Organization Theory 342 The Human Side of Management 342 The Transition from Human Relations to Organizational Behavior 343 Theories X and Y 344 Human-Resource Management and Industrial Relations: The Changing Scene 345 Job Design 347 Work Motivation 349 Effective Leadership 351 The Trait Approach 352 The Behavioral Approach 353 The Situational Approach 353 Further Theoretical Developments 353 Project GLOBE 356 Organization Theory: A Continuing Venture 357 Aston Studies: Workflow Integration and Production Continuity 357 Technological Interdependence 357 Contingency Theory and Its Corollaries 358 Organizations and Their Environments 358 Strategic Choice 359 Resource-Dependence Theory 359 Population Ecology 360 Institutional Theory 360 When Ends Become Means 361 U.S. Theories Abroad 361 Summary 362 21 Science and Systems in an Information Age 363 The Quest for Science in Management 363 Operations Research (OR) 364 Production Management in Transition 365 “If Japan Can . . . Why Can’t We?” 366 Quality and Quality Circles 366 The Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing 369 Globalization and the International Organization for Standardization 369 Systems and Information 370 General Systems Theory and Cybernetics 370 From the “Invisible Hand” to the “Digital Hand” 372 It is a Small, Smaller World 372 Enabling Global Trade through Information and Communication 374 Summary 375 22 Obligations and Opportunities 376 Managing in a Global Arena 376 The Globalization of Business 376 Individuals and Organizations: Evolving Expectations 378 Business Ethics 378 Acting Ethically and Globally 381 Business and Society 381 The Stewardship of Wealth 382 Corporate Social Responsibility and Performance 383 Stakeholders: Economic and Noneconomic Responsibilities 384 Can You Have Your Cake and Eat It Too? 385 Social Entrepreneurship 385 Business and Its Environment 386 Summary of Part IV 386 Epilogue 387 Name index I-1 Subject index I-12