Sustainable Development Practices Using Geoinformatics

This exciting new volume will provide a comprehensive overview of the applications of geoinformatics technology for engineers, scientists, and students to become more productive, more aware, and more responsive to global climate change issues and how to manage sustainable development of Earth's resources. Over the last few years, the stress on natural resources has increased enormously due to anthropogenic activities especially through urbanization and industrialization processes. Sustainable development while protecting the Earth's environment involves the best possible management of natural resources, subject to the availability of reliable, accurate and timely information on regional and global scales. There is an increasing demand for an interdisciplinary approach and sound knowledge on each specific resource, as well as on the ecological and socio-economic perspectives related to their use. Geoinformatics, including Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS), is a groundbreaking and advanced technology for acquiring information required for natural resource management and addressing the concerns related to sustainable development. It offers a powerful and proficient tool for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management of natural resources. There is, however, a lack of studies in understanding the core science and research elements of geoinformatics, as well as larger issues of scaling to use geoinformatics in sustainable development and management practices of natural resources. There is also a fundamental gap between the theoretical concepts and the operational use of these advance techniques. Sustainable Development Practices Using Geoinformatics, written by well-known academicians, experts and researchers provides answers to these problems, offering the engineer, scientist, or student the most thorough, comprehensive, and practical coverage of this subject available today, a must-have for any library.

Table of Contents:
Preface xv Acknowledgement xxi 1 The Impact of Rapid Urbanization on Vegetation Cover and Land Surface Temperature in Barasat Municipal Area 1 Aniruddha Debnath, Ritesh Kumar, Taniya Singh and Ravindra Prawasi 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Study Area 4 1.3 Datasets and Methodology 4 1.3.1 Datasets 4 1.3.2 Methodology 4 1.4 Results and Discussion 7 1.4.1 Pattern of LULC in Barasat 8 1.4.2 Urban Sprawl 9 1.4.3 Impact of Urban Sprawl on Vegetation Cover 10 1.4.4 Impact of Urban Sprawl on LST 11 1.4.5 Relationship Between NDVI and LST 12 1.4.6 Urban Heat Island 12 1.5 Conclusion 16 Acknowledgement 19 References 19 2 Geo-Environmental Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Over South Karanpura Coalfield Region of India 23 Akshay Kumar, Shashank Shekhar, Anamika Shalini Tirkey and Akhouri Pramod Krishna 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Study Area 26 2.3 Methodology and Data Used 28 2.4 Result and Discussion 30 2.4.1 Thematic Layers of GHI 30 2.4.1.1 AOT, PWV, and Temperature 30 2.4.1.2 Land Use/Land Cover 32 2.4.2 Thematic Layers of SVI 33 2.4.2.1 Population Density 34 2.4.2.2 Total Worker 36 2.4.2.3 Children Age Group (0–6 years) (CAG) 36 2.4.2.4 Literacy Rate 36 2.4.3 Geo-Environmental Hazard and Socio-Economic Vulnerability Assessment 37 2.4.3.1 Geo-Environmental Hazard Index 37 2.4.3.2 Socio-Economic Vulnerability Index 39 2.4.4 CMRI Assessment 39 2.5 Conclusion 41 References 42 Appendix: List of Abbreviations 44 3 Bistatic Scatterometer Measurements for Soil Moisture Estimation Using Grid Partition–Based Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System at L-Band 47 Ajeet Kumar Vishwakarma and Rajendra Prasad 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Methods and Materials 49 3.2.1 Bistatic Scatterometer System 49 3.2.2 Measurement of Soil Moisture Content 49 3.2.3 Methods 51 3.2.3.1 G-ANFIS 51 3.3 Result and Discussions 51 3.4 Conclusions 53 References 54 4 Morphometric Analysis of Tapi Drainage Basin Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 57 Pavankumar Giri, Pranaya Diwate and Yadao Kumar Mawale 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Study Area 58 4.3 Methodology 59 4.4 Results and Discussion 60 4.4.1 Morphometric Analysis of Basin 60 4.4.1.1 Linear Aspect 60 4.4.1.2 Relief Aspects 64 4.4.1.3 Aerial Aspects 65 4.5 Conclusion 69 Acknowledgments 70 References 70 5 Efficacy of GOSAT Data for Global Distribution of CO2 Emission 73 Laxmi Kant Sharma and Rajani Kant Verma 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Monitoring of Greenhouse Gases From Space 74 5.3 GOSAT Satellite 74 5.3.1 Sensors Description of GOSAT 75 5.4 Methodology 75 5.5 Results and Discussion 80 5.6 Conclusion 83 References 83 6 Development of a Smart Village Through Micro-Level Planning Using Geospatial Techniques—A Case Study of Jangal Aurahi Village of Gorakhpur District 85 Swati Pandey and Gaurav Tripathi 6.1 Introduction 86 6.2 Study Area 87 6.3 Data Used and Methodology 87 6.3.1 Satellite Data 89 6.3.2 Cadastral Data 89 6.3.3 Ground Truth Data 89 6.3.4 Survey of India Toposheet 89 6.3.5 Methodology 89 6.4 Result and Discussion 98 6.4.1 Action Plan Map 98 6.4.1.1 Soil Resources Action Plan 99 6.4.1.2 Water Resources Action Plan 100 6.4.1.3 Action Plan for Waste Water Management 102 6.4.1.4 Action Plan Solid Waste Management 102 6.4.1.5 Action Plan for Land Use Management 103 6.5 Conclusion 105 References 107 7 Land Appraisal for the Growth of Potato Cultivation: A Study of Sagar Island, India 111 Sabir Hossain Molla, Rukhsana and Asraful Alam 7.1 Introduction 112 7.2 Study Area 113 7.3 Materials and Method 115 7.3.1 Data Source 115 7.3.2 Generation of Different Thematic Layers for Land Suitability Evaluation of Potato Cultivation 116 7.3.3 Assigning Weight of Parameters and MCE 117 7.3.4 Generation of Land Suitability Map (LSM) and Overlaid With LULC Map 120 7.4 Results and Discussion 121 7.4.1 Determination of Suitable Zones for Potato Cultivation at Different Land Suitability Parameters 121 7.4.2 Suitability Map 122 7.5 Conclusions 124 References 124 8 Landslide Vulnerability Mapping Using Geospatial Technology 127 Saravanan Kothandaraman, Dinagarapandi Pandi and Mohan Kuppusamy 8.1 Introduction 128 8.2 Study Area 130 8.3 Materials and Methods 132 8.4 Summary 137 References 137 9 Assessment of Impacts of Coal Mining–Induced Subsidence on Native Flora and Native Forest Land: A Brief Review 141 Ashish Kumar Vishwakarma, Rajesh Rai, Ashwani Kumar Sonkar, Tusarkanta Behera and Bal Krishna Shrivastva 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 Material and Methods 144 9.2.1 Impacts of Subsidence on Forest Lands 144 9.2.2 Impacts on the Health of Native Floras 145 9.2.3 Impacts on Soil Functions 147 9.3 Conclusions 149 References 149 10 Application of GI Science in Morphometric Analysis: A Case Study of the Gomati River Watershed in District Bageshwar, Uttarakhand 153 Anand Kumar and Upasana Choudhury 10.1 Introduction 153 10.2 Study Area 155 10.3 Materials and Methodology 156 10.3.1 Extraction of the Gomati River Basin 156 10.4 Results and Discussion 160 10.4.1 Aspect 160 10.4.2 Slope 161 10.4.3 Linear Aspect 161 10.4.3.1 Stream Order (Sμ) 162 10.4.3.2 Stream Number 162 10.4.3.3 Stream Length 163 10.4.3.4 Mean Stream Length 163 10.4.3.5 Stream Length Ratio 163 10.4.3.6 Bifurcation Ratio 163 10.4.4 Aerial Aspect 163 10.4.4.1 Basin Area 164 10.4.4.2 Drainage Density 164 10.4.4.3 Drainage Frequency 164 10.4.4.4 Drainage Texture 164 10.4.4.5 Form Factor Ratio 165 10.4.4.6 Elongation Ratio 165 10.4.4.7 Circulatory Ratio 166 10.4.5 Relief Aspects 166 10.4.5.1 Basin Relief 166 10.4.5.2 Relief Ratio 166 10.5 Conclusion 167 References 167 11 Water Audit: Sustainable Strategy for Water Resource Assessment and Gap Analysis 169 Kirti Avishek, Mala Kumari, Pranav Dev Singh and Kanchan Lakra 11.1 Introduction 169 11.2 Material and Methodology 172 11.2.1 Pre-Audit Phase 172 11.2.2 Audit Phase 172 11.2.2.1 Population Estimation of BIT Campus 172 11.2.2.2 Water Source Identification 172 11.2.2.3 Water Demand Assessment 172 11.2.2.4 Gap assessment 175 11.2.3 Post-Audit Phase 175 11.3 Result 175 11.3.1 Water Demand Assessment 175 11.3.2 Water Audit Report and Analysis 176 11.3.2.1 Water Audit of Hostel No. 9 176 11.3.2.2 Water Audit for Hostel 8 181 11.4 Conclusions 181 References 182 12 Multi-Temporal Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Change Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques of Durg Block, Durg District, Chhattisgarh, India 185 Jai Prakash Koshale and Chanchal Singh 12.1 Introduction 186 12.2 Study Area 187 12.3 Materials and Methods 189 12.3.1 Data Acquisition 189 12.3.2 Software Used 189 12.3.3 Methodology 189 12.4 Result and Discussion 191 12.4.1 LULC Statistics of October 2005 (Post-Monsoon) 191 12.4.2 LULC Statistics of October 2016 (Post-Monsoon) 192 12.4.3 LULC Changes Between October 2005 and October 2016 (Post-Monsoon) 195 12.4.4 LULC Statistics of February 2006 (Pre-Monsoon) 199 12.4.5 LULC Statistics of February 2017 (Pre-Monsoon) 199 12.4.6 LULC Changes Between February 2006 and February 2017 (Pre-Monsoon) 200 12.5 Conclusion 201 Acknowledgment 202 References 202 13 Climate Vulnerability and Adaption Assessment in Bundelkhand Region, India 205 Prem Prakash and Prabuddh Kumar Mishra 13.1 Introduction 206 13.1.1 Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment 206 13.1.2 LVI for Bundelkhand Region 208 13.2 Conclusion 213 References 213 14 Suitable Zone for Sustainable Ground Water Assessment in Dhanbad Block, Jharkhand, India 215 Raghib Raza 14.1 Introduction 216 14.2 Study Area 217 14.2.1 Slope 217 14.2.2 Ground Water Label 218 14.2.3 LU/LC Mapping 219 14.2.4 Geology Features 220 14.2.5 Soil 221 14.3 Methodology 222 14.3.1 Overlay Analysis to Find Groundwater Potential Zone 223 14.4 Results 223 14.5 Conclusions 226 References 227 15 Detecting Land Use/Land Cover Change of East and West Kamrup Division of Assam Using Geospatial Techniques 229 Upasana Choudhury and Anand Kumar 15.1 Introduction 229 15.2 Study Area 232 15.3 Materials and Methodology 232 15.4 Results and Discussion 232 15.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics and Change Analysis 232 15.4.2 The Change Matrix Cross Tabulation 235 15.4.3 Classification Accuracy Assessment 236 15.5 Conclusion 236 References 241 16 Climate Resilient Housing—An Alternate Option to Cope with Natural Disasters: A Study in Fani Cyclonic Storm Affected Areas of Odisha 243 Kiran Jalem and Subrat Kumar Mishra 16.1 Introduction 244 16.2 Study Area and Methodology 245 16.3 Discussion 250 16.3.1 Climate Resilient Housing in the Fani Affected Districts 250 16.4 Policy Recommendation 251 References 252 17 Role of Geo-Informatics in Natural Resource Management During Disasters: A Case Study of Gujarat Floods, 2017 253 Ritambhara K. Upadhyay, Sandeep Pandey and Gaurav Tripathi 17.1 Background 253 17.1.1 Understanding Disasters: Natural and Anthropogenic 253 17.1.2 Disaster-Risk Reduction 255 17.1.3 Disaster Preparedness 256 17.1.4 Disaster Management 257 17.1.5 Role of Geo-Informatics in Disaster Management 258 17.1.6 Structural Measures of Flood Risk Management 259 17.1.6.1 Dams 260 17.1.6.2 Levee and Levee Overtopping 260 17.1.6.3 Flood Diversion 261 17.1.6.4 Transverse Dikes 261 17.1.6.5 Water Traps 261 17.1.6.6 Watershed and Afforestation 261 17.1.7 Non-Structural Measures of Flood Risk Management 262 17.1.7.1 Non-Structural Measures 262 17.1.7.2 Flood Plain Zoning 263 17.1.7.3 Flood Forecasting 263 17.1.7.4 Flood Plain Development 264 17.1.7.5 Flood Insurance 264 17.1.7.6 Flood Proofing 265 17.1.7.7 Catchment Management 265 17.2 Flood Preparedness Measures 266 17.3 Flood Response Measures 268 17.3.1 Components of Flood Response 268 17.3.1.1 Estimation of Severity of Flood 269 17.3.1.2 Emergency Search and Rescue 269 17.3.1.3 Emergency Relief 269 17.3.1.4 Incident Response System 270 17.3.1.5 Control Room Set-Up 271 17.3.1.6 Model Action Plan 271 17.3.1.7 Community-Based Disaster Preparedness and Response 272 17.3.1.8 Emergency Logistics and Equipment 272 17.3.1.9 Emergency Medical Response 272 17.3.1.10 State Disaster Response Force 273 17.4 Gujarat Flood Case Study 2017 274 17.5 Preparedness Measures by State Government 278 17.6 Media Handling 278 17.7 Rescue Operation 279 17.8 Relief Work 279 17.9 Speedy Restoration of Essential Services 280 17.10 Use of Drones—New Initiative Adopted 281 References 281 18 Environmental Impacts by the Clustering of Rice Mills, Ernakulam District, Kerala State 283 L. Vineetha and T.S. Lancelet 18.1 Introduction 284 18.2 Environmental Pollution and Rice Processing Industries 284 18.3 Study Area 285 18.4 Methodology and Review of Literature 286 18.5 Spatial Distribution of Rice Mill Clustering 287 18.6 Parboiling Process and Characteristics of Rice Mill Effluents 292 18.7 Description of Rice Mills Taken for Assessing the Impact on Environment 292 18.8 First Model Cluster 292 18.9 Overutilization of Groundwater Resources 292 18.10 Physio-Chemical Analysis of Rice Mill Effluent From Second Model Cluster 293 18.10.1 pH Value 294 18.10.2 Color (Hazen) 296 18.10.3 Total Dissolved Solids/TSSs 296 18.10.4 Chloride and Sulphate 297 18.10.5 Potassium 297 18.10.6 Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand 297 18.10.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand 297 18.11 Conclusion 298 References 298 19 GIS-Based Investigation of Topography, Watershed, and Hydrological Parameters of Wainganga River Basin, Central India 301 Nanabhau Santujee Kudnar 19.1 Introduction 302 19.2 Study Area 303 19.3 Methodology 303 19.4 Results and Discussions 305 19.4.1 Physiographical Regions Area 305 19.4.2 Absolute Relief 305 19.4.3 Digital Elevation Model 306 19.4.4 The WRB Catchment Area 308 19.4.5 Land Use Pattern 310 19.4.6 Hydrology 311 19.4.6.1 Inflows 313 19.4.6.2 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling 313 19.5 Conclusion 315 Abbreviations 315 References 316 Index 319