Electrospun Materials and Their Allied Applications

The aim of this book is to explore the history, fundamentals, manufacturing processes, optimization parameters, and applications of electrospun materials. The book includes various types of electrospun materials such as antimicrobial, smart, bioinspired systems. It focuses on the many application areas for electrospun materials such as energy storage and harvesting, catalysis, biomedical including gene delivery and tissue engineering, separation, adsorption and water treatment technologies, packaging. The book emphasizes the enhanced sustainable properties of electrospun materials, with the challenges and future developments being discussed in detail. The chapters are written by top-class researchers and experts from throughout the world.

Table of Contents:
Preface xv 1 Electrospinning Fabrication Strategies: From Conventional to Advanced Approaches 1 J.R. Dias, Alexandra I. F. Alves, Carolina A. Marzia-Ferreira and Nuno M. Alves 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Conventional Fabrication Approaches 3 1.2.1 Randomly Oriented Fiber Meshes 3 1.2.2 Aligned Fiber Meshes 8 1.2.3 Fibers With Core/Shell Structure 14 1.3 Advanced Fabrication Approaches 19 1.3.1 Melt Electrospinning 19 1.3.2 Near Field Electrospinning 22 1.3.3 Electroblowing 23 1.3.4 Hybrid Structures 25 1.3.5 Cell Electrospinning 30 1.3.6 In Situ Electrospinning 33 1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 36 Acknowledgments 37 References 37 2 History, Basics, and Parameters of Electrospinning Technique 53 Aysel Kantürk Figen 2.1 Definitions 53 2.2 Milestone of Electrospinning Technique 54 2.3 Setup and Configuration of Electrospinning Technique 56 2.4 Parameters 59 2.4.1 Polymer Solutions 59 2.4.2 Spin Parameters 62 2.4.3 Environmental Parameters 63 2.5 Concluding Remarks 64 References 65 3 Physical Characterization of Electrospun Fibers 71 Anushka Purabgola and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian 3.1 Introduction 72 3.2 Characterization Techniques 76 3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 76 3.2.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) 77 3.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 79 3.2.4 High-Resolution TEM (HRTEM) 80 3.2.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 81 3.2.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 83 3.2.7 Nanoindentation 84 3.2.8 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 85 3.2.9 Thermalgravimetric Analysis (TGA) 85 3.3 Physical Characterization of Electrospun Fibers 87 3.3.1 Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers 87 3.3.1.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Nanofiber 87 3.3.1.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Fibrous Nanofibers 91 3.3.1.3 Polydodecylthiophene (PDT) Core–Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Shell Polymer Nanofiber 92 3.3.1.4 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Nanofiber 92 3.3.2 Electrospun Metal (Oxide) Nanofiber 94 3.3.2.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Nickel Acetate 95 3.3.2.2 Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP)/TiO2 Nanofibers 96 3.3.2.3 Polyethylene Oxide/Polyvinylpyrrolidone–Iron Oxide Nanofiber 96 3.3.3 Electrospun Nanocomposite Nanofibers 97 3.3.3.1 TiO2/SiO2/C (TSC) Nanofibers 98 3.3.3.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/ZnO Nanocomposite Nanofiber 100 3.3.3.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Cellulose Nanocrystals Composite Nanofibers 101 3.3.4 Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) 104 3.3.4.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/N-Doped CNFs 104 3.3.4.2 Lignan-Derived CNFs/PAN 104 3.3.4.3 Poly(L-Laticide-Co- -Caprolactone) (PLCL)/MWCNTs Nanofibers 105 3.4 Conclusion 108 References 109 4 Application of Electrospun Materials in Catalysis 113 Bilge Coşkuner Filiz 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Type of Catalysts 115 4.2.1 Catalyst Supports 115 4.2.2 Template for Catalytic Nanotubes 116 4.2.3 Metal Oxide Catalysts 117 4.3 Catalytic Applications 117 4.3.1 Energy Field 118 4.3.1.1 Oxidation Reactions 118 4.3.1.2 Reduction Reactions 119 4.3.1.3 Hydrogen Generation Reactions 120 4.3.2 Environment Field 121 4.3.2.1 Oxidation Reactions 121 4.3.2.2 Reduction Reactions 122 4.3.2.3 Degradation Reactions 122 4.4 Conclusion 124 References 125 5 Application of Electrospun Materials in Packaging Industry 131 Samson Rwahwire, Catherine Namuga and Nibikora Ildephonse 5.1 Packaging Industry 131 5.2 Electrospinning 132 5.3 Nanofibers 135 5.4 Biopolymers 135 5.4.1 Nanoencapsulation 135 5.4.2 Methods of Encapsulation Application in Food Packaging 139 5.4.3 Drying 140 5.4.4 Nano-Enabled Packaging Solutions 140 5.4.5 Food Packaging 141 5.4.6 Active Food Packaging 142 5.5 Future Perspectives 144 References 145 6 Application of Electrospun Materials in Water Treatment 151 Shivani Rastogi and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian 6.1 Introduction 152 6.2 Heavy Metal Ion Removal From Wastewater 154 6.2.1 Cellulose/Camphor Soot Nanofibers 157 6.2.2 Spider-Web Textured Electrospun Graphene Composite Fibers 158 6.2.3 Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Nanofibers 161 6.2.4 Ion-Imprinted Chitosan/1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Fibers 162 6.2.5 Molecular Imprinted Camphor Soot Functionalized PAN Nanofibers 164 6.2.6 Iron Functionalized Chitosan Electrospun NFs (ICS-ENF) 166 6.2.7 Cellulose/Organically Modified Montmorillonite 166 6.3 Dye Removal From Wastewater 167 6.3.1 Zein Nanofibers 167 6.3.2 β-Cyclodextrin Based Nanofibers 169 6.3.3 3-Mercapto Propionic Acid Coated Fe3O4 NP Immobilized Amidoximated Polyacrylonitrile 171 6.3.4 Functionalized Polyacrylonitrile Membrane 171 6.4 Oil–Water Separation 172 6.4.1 Wettable Cotton-Based Janus Bio Fabric (PLA/Functionalized Organoclay) 172 6.4.2 Camphor Soot Immobilized Fluoroelastomer Membrane 174 6.4.3 Polycaprolactone/Beeswax Membrane 174 6.5 Microbe Elimination From Wastewater 176 6.5.1 β-Cyclodextrin/Cellulose Acetate Embedded Ag and Ag/Fe Nanoparticles 176 6.5.2 Silver Coated Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Membrane 177 6.6 Antibiotic Removal From Wastewater 178 6.7 Conclusion 180 References 180 7 Application of Electrospun Materials in Oil–Water Separations 185 T.C. Mokhena, M.J. John, M.J. Mochane and P.C. Tsipa 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Oil Spill Clean-Up 187 7.2.1 Hydrophobic–Oleophilic Polymer Nanofiber 187 7.2.2 Blends 191 7.2.3 Composites 194 7.3 Separation Membranes 195 7.4 Thin-Film Composite (TFC) Membranes 202 7.5 Three Dimensional (3D) Nanofibrous Membranes 203 7.6 Smart Membranes 204 7.7 Conclusions and Future Trends 208 Acknowledgments 209 References 209 8 Application of Electrospun Materials in Industrial Applications 215 Anisa Andleeb and Muhammad Yar 8.1 Introduction 216 8.2 Technology Transfer From Research Laboratories to Industries 218 8.3 Industrial Applications of Electrospun Materials 220 8.3.1 Biomedical Materials 221 8.3.2 Defense and Security 227 8.3.3 Textile Industry 227 8.3.4 Catalyst 228 8.3.5 Energy Harvest 229 8.3.6 Filtration 230 8.3.7 Sensor Applications 232 8.3.8 Food 234 8.4 Current and Future Developments 236 References 237 9 Antimicrobial Electrospun Materials 243 Samson Afewerki, Guillermo U. Ruiz-Esparza and Anderson O. Lobo 9.1 Introduction 244 9.1.1 Electrospinning Technology 244 9.1.2 Antimicrobial Materials 246 9.1.3 Antimicrobial Electrospun Materials 246 9.1.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 254 Acknowledgments 255 References 255 10 Application of Electrospun Materials in Gene Delivery 265 GSN Koteswara Rao, Mallesh Kurakula and Khushwant S. Yadav 10.1 Introduction 266 10.2 Gene Therapy 266 10.3 Cellular Uptake of Nonviral Gene Delivery 268 10.4 Vectors 269 10.4.1 Viral Vectors 269 10.4.2 Nonviral Vectors 270 10.4.3 Delivery of Genes through Vectors 271 10.5 Nanofibers/Scaffolds 273 10.6 Electrospinning 275 10.6.1 Steps Involved in the Electrospinning Process 276 10.6.2 Types of Electrospinning 279 10.7 Characterization 281 10.8 Applications of Electrospun Materials 282 10.8.1 Electrospun Materials in Gene Delivery 282 10.8.1.1 Tissue Engineering 282 10.8.1.2 Regenerative Medicine 284 10.8.1.3 Vascular Grafts 284 10.8.1.4 Bone Regeneration 285 10.8.1.5 Diabetic Ulcer Treatment 286 10.8.1.6 Cancer Treatment 287 10.8.1.7 Blood Vessel Regeneration 287 10.8.1.8 Wound Management 288 10.8.1.9 Carrier for Genetic Material Loaded Nanoparticles 288 10.8.1.10 Myocardial Infarction Treatment 288 10.8.1.11 Stem Cell-Based Therapy 289 10.8.1.12 Gene Silencing 289 10.8.1.13 Controlled Release of Gene 290 10.8.1.14 DNA Delivery 290 10.8.2 Electrospun Materials in Drug Delivery 291 10.8.2.1 Antibiotics and Various Antibacterial Agents 292 10.8.2.2 Anticancer Drugs 292 10.8.2.3 Cancer Diagnosis 292 10.8.2.4 Wound Management 293 10.8.2.5 Tissue Engineering 293 10.8.2.6 Bone Tissue Engineering 293 10.8.2.7 Dental Growth 294 10.8.2.8 Therapeutic Delivery Systems 294 10.8.3 Electrospun Materials in Miscellaneous Applications 294 10.9 Future Scope and Challenges 296 10.10 Conclusion 296 References 297 11 Application of Electrospun Materials in Bioinspired Systems 307 Anca Filimon, Adina Maria Dobos, Oana Dumbrava and Adriana Popa 11.1 Introduction 308 11.2 Composite Materials Based on Cellulosic Nanofibers 309 11.2.1 Processing of Cellulose-Based Materials 310 11.2.2 Structure–Property–Biological Activity Relationship 310 11.2.2.1 Biosensors Based on Cellulosic Fibers 310 11.2.2.2 Delivery Systems and Controlled Release of Drugs 312 11.2.2.3 Wound Dressing 316 11.2.2.4 Tissue Engineering 317 11.3 Chitosan Nanofibrous Scaffolds 322 11.3.1 Overview on Obtained Chitosan From Bio-Waste Source 322 11.3.2 Specific Applications of Chitosan Nanofibers in Bio Inspired Systems 325 11.3.2.1 Wound Dressing 325 11.3.2.2 Drug Delivery 329 11.3.2.3 Tissue Engineering 330 11.3.2.4 Antibacterial Activity 336 11.4 Conclusions 339 References 339 12 Smart Electrospun Materials 351 Gaurav Sharma, Shivani Rastogi and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian 12.1 Introduction 352 12.2 Smart Electrospun Materials in Biomedical Applications 354 12.2.1 Tissue Engineering 354 12.2.2 Controlled Drug Delivery 355 12.2.3 Wound Healing 356 12.3 Smart Electrospun Materials for Environmental Remediation 357 12.3.1 Water Pollution Control 357 12.3.2 Air Pollution Control 359 12.3.3 Noise Pollution Control 360 12.4 Smart Electrospun Materials in Electronics 361 12.4.1 Solar Cell 361 12.4.2 Energy Harvesters 362 12.4.3 Shape-Memory Polymers 363 12.4.4 Batteries and Supercapacitors 364 12.4.5 Sensors, Transistors, and Diodes 366 12.5 Smart Electrospun Materials in Textiles 368 12.5.1 Biomedical Parameter Regulation 368 12.5.2 Protection from Environment Threat 369 12.5.3 Energy Harvesters in Textiles 370 12.5.4 Smart Textile Project 370 12.6 Smart Electrospun Materials in Food Packaging 371 12.7 Conclusion 372 References 373 13 Advances in Electrospinning Technique in the Manufacturing Process of Nanofibrous Materials 379 Karine Cappuccio de Castro, Josiel Martins Costa and Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei 13.1 Introduction 380 13.2 Process 380 13.3 Important Parameters 382 13.3.1 Effects of the Applied Tension 382 13.3.2 Effects of Solution Eject Rate 382 13.3.3 Effects of Needle-to-Collector Distance and Needle Diameter 384 13.3.4 Effects of Solution Concentration and Viscosity 384 13.3.5 Effects of Solution Conductivity 385 13.3.6 Solvent Effects 385 13.3.7 Effects of Surface Tension 385 13.3.8 Humidity and Temperature Effects 386 13.4 Recent Advances in the Technique 386 13.4.1 Electrospinning Coaxial 386 13.4.2 Electrospinning Triaxial 387 13.4.3 Multiple Needle Electrospinning 387 13.4.4 Electroblowing 387 13.4.5 Magnetic Electrospinning 388 13.4.6 Centrifugal Electrospinning 388 13.4.7 Needleless Electrospinning 388 13.5 Coaxial Electrospinning as an Excellent Process for Hollow Fiber and Drug Delivery Device Production 389 13.6 Applications 390 13.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 393 References 393 14 Application of Electrospun Materials in Filtration and Sorbents 401 T.S. Motsoeneg, T.E. Mokoena, T.C. Mokhena and M.J. Mochane 14.1 Introduction 402 14.2 Morphology of Sorbents With Concomitant Sorption Capacity 403 14.3 Mechanistic Overview in Purification During Filtration 406 14.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 410 References 411 15 Application of Electrospun Materials in Batteries 415 Subhash B. Kondawar and Monali V. Bhute 15.1 Introduction 416 15.2 Electrospun Nanofibers as Anodes 418 15.2.1 Carbon Nanofibers as Anode 418 15.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanofibers as Anode 419 15.3 Electrospun Nanofibers as Cathode 423 15.3.1 Lithium Metal Oxide Nanofibers as Cathode 423 15.3.2 Transition Metal Oxides Nanofibers as Cathode 424 15.4 Electrospun Nanofibers as Separator 425 15.4.1 Polymer Nanofibers as Separator 426 15.4.2 Polymer–Inorganic Nanofiber Separators 430 15.5 Conclusions and Outlook 432 References 433 16 State-of-the-Art and Future Electrospun Technology 441 Prasansha Rastogi and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian 16.1 Introduction 442 16.2 Some General Smart Applications of Electrospun Membranes 445 16.3 Stimuli Responsive or Shape Memory Electrospun Membranes 454 16.4 Conclusion 473 Acknowledgment 474 References 474 17 Antimicrobial Electrospun Materials 483 Rushikesh S. Ambekar and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian 17.1 Introduction 484 17.2 Drug-Loaded Polymer Nanofibers 485 17.3 Drug-Loaded Biodegradable Polymer Nanofibers 485 17.4 Drug-Loaded Non-Biodegradable Polymer Nanofibers 501 17.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 507 References 508 Index 515