About the Book
Provides complete and up-to-date coverage of the foundational principles, enabling technologies, and specific instruments of portable spectrometry
Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry: Volume One is both a timely overview of the miniature technologies used in spectrometry, and an authoritative guide to the specific instruments employed in a wide range of disciplines. This much-needed resource is the first comprehensive work to describe the enabling technologies of portable spectrometry, explain how various handheld and portable instruments work, discuss their potential limitations, and provide clear guidance on optimizing their utility and accuracy in the field. In-depth chapters—written by a team of international authors from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds—have been carefully reviewed both by the editors and by third-party experts to ensure their quality and completeness.
Volume One begins with general discussion of portable spectrometer engineering before moving through the electromagnetic spectrum to cover x-ray fluorescence (XRF), UV-visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and Raman spectroscopies. Subsequent chapters examine microplasmas, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and a variety of portable mass spectrometry instrument types. Featuring detailed chapters on DNA instrumentation and biological analyzers—topics of intense interest in light of the global coronavirus pandemic—this timely volume:
Provides comprehensive coverage of the principles and instruments central to portable spectroscopy
Includes contributions by experienced professionals working in instrument companies, universities, research institutes, the military, and hazardous material teams
Discusses special topics such as smartphone spectroscopy, optical filter technology, stand-off detection, and MEMS/MOEMS technology
Covers elemental spectroscopy, optical molecular spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and molecular and imaging technologies
Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry: Volume One is an indispensable resource for developers of portable instruments, civilian and government purchasers and operators, and teachers and students of portable spectroscopy. When combined with Volume Two, which focuses on the multitude of applications of portable instrumentation, Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry provides the most thorough coverage of the field currently available.
Table of Contents:
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword xvii
Preface for Volume 1 xix
Acknowledgements xxi
1 Introduction to Portable Spectroscopy 1
Pauline E. Leary, Richard A. Crocombe and Brooke W. Kammrath
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Defining Portable Spectrometers 1
1.3 Performance 2
1.4 History and Availability 4
1.5 Instrument Design and Enabling Technologies 7
1.6 Producing Results 8
1.7 Outline of These Volumes 9
Acronyms and Abbreviations 11
References 12
2 Engineering Portable Instruments 15
Terry Sauer
2.1 Size/Weight 15
2.2 Sample Interface 16
2.3 Embedded Computer vs. External Personal Computer (PC) 16
2.4 Reduced Feature Set 17
2.5 Target of Non-Spectroscopist 17
2.6 Power Budget 18
2.7 Voltage Conversion 18
2.8 Decon/Ingress Protection (IP) Rating 19
2.9 Testing the Seal 20
2.10 Gloved Operation 20
2.11 Display 21
2.12 Thermal Concerns 23
2.13 Optical Elements 27
2.14 Interferometer Optical Design 27
2.15 Interferometer Bearings 29
2.16 Vibration 30
2.17 Shock 30
2.18 Battery 31
2.19 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) 32
2.20 Ergonomics 34
2.21 Laser Safety 34
2.22 Stability 35
2.23 Service 38
2.24 Communications/Wireless 38
References 38
3 Design Considerations for Portable Mid-Infrared FTIR Spectrometers Used for In-Field Identifications of Threat Materials 41
David W. Schiering and John T. Stein
3.1 Introduction and Background 41
3.2 FTIR System Components 44
3.3 FTIR Spectrometer Performance Attributes 53
3.4 Modeling and Simulation Guide to Portable Instrument Design and Development 55
3.5 Portable FTIR Performance Benchmarks 60
3.6 Conclusion 62
Abbreviations and Acronyms 62
References 63
4 PAT Applications of NIR Spectroscopy in the Pharmaceutical Industry 67
Pierre-Yves Sacré, Charlotte De Bleye, Philippe Hubert and Eric Ziemons
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Continuous Manufacturing and Real-Time Release Testing 67
4.3 PAT Implementation of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 73
4.4 Conclusion 79
Glossary 81
References 82
5 MOEMS and MEMS – Technology, Benefits & Uses 89
Heinrich Grüger
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Grating-Based Spectrometers 92
5.3 Fourier Transform Spectrometer 101
5.4 Tunable Fabry–Perot Interferometer 104
5.5 Integration Strategies for MEMS-/MOEMS-Based Spectrometers 106
5.6 Use of MEMS-Based NIR Spectrometers 108
Acronyms and Abbreviations 109
References 110
6 Portable Raman Spectroscopy: Instrumentation and Technology 115
Cicely Rathmell, Dieter Bingemann, Mark Zieg and David Creasey
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 The Case for Raman: Capabilities and Scope 115
6.3 The Theory of Raman Spectra 116
6.4 Basics of a Raman System 119
6.5 “Portable” Versus “Handheld” Versus “Mini” 119
6.6 Performance Needs in Portable Raman Instruments 120
6.7 Excitation Laser 122
6.8 Optical Filters and Sampling Optics 125
6.9 Spectrometer Design 127
6.10 Sample Interface and Accessories 134
6.11 Spectral Processing and Analysis 135
6.12 Special Cases 138
6.13 Conclusion 140
Acronyms and Abbreviations 141
References 141
7 Optical Filters – Technology and Applications 147
Oliver Pust
7.1 Overview on the Use of Optical Filters in Spectroscopy 147
7.2 Optical Filters as Auxiliary Filters 154
7.3 Optical Filters as Complementary Filters 159
7.4 Optical Filters asWavelength Selective Element 161
7.5 Conclusion and Outlook 175
References 176
8 Portable UV–Visible Spectroscopy – Instrumentation, Technology, and Applications 179
Anshuman Das
8.1 Introduction 179
8.2 Typical Instrumentation of a Portable UV–Vis Spectrometer 180
8.3 Measurement Configurations 183
8.4 Types of Instrumentation Used in UV–Vis Spectroscopy 187
8.5 Applications 193
8.6 Challenges for Portable Spectrometers 202
8.7 Outlook 204
References 204
9 Smartphone Technology – Instrumentation and Applications 209
Alexander Scheeline
9.1 Introduction and Context 209
9.2 Challenges of Smartphone Spectrometry 210
9.3 Progress to Date 213
9.4 Conclusion and Prospective 230
References 230
10 Portable Standoff Optical Spectroscopy for Safety and Security 237
Matthew P. Nelson and Nathaniel R. Gomer
10.1 Introduction 237
10.2 Portable Standoff Optical Instrument Types 240
10.3 Portable Standoff Optical Instrument Technologies 242
10.4 Portable Standoff Optical Spectroscopy Sensor Selection 248
10.5 Portable Standoff Optical Spectroscopy Sensors and Applications 253
10.6 Conclusions and Future Direction 269
Acronyms and Abbreviations 269
References 270
11 Microplasmas for Portable Optical Emission Spectrometry 275
Vassili Karanassios
11.1 Introduction 275
11.2 A Brief Review of the Portable Microplasma Literature 276
11.3 Conclusion 284
Acronyms 284
Abbreviations 284
Acknowledgments 285
References 285
12 Portable Electro-Optical-Infrared Spectroscopic Sensors for Standoff Detection of Chemical Leaks and Threats 289
Hugo Lavoie, Jean-Marc Thériault, Eldon Puckrin, Richard L. Lachance, Alexandre Thibeault, Yotam Ariel and Jean Albert
12.1 Introduction 289
12.2 A Differential FTIR Approach for Standoff Gas Detection 289
12.3 iCATSI Sensor 297
12.4 Active FTIR for Ground Contamination Detection 299
12.5 Signature Collection: Broadband Portable Field Spectral Reflectometer 303
12.6 Imaging Gas Filter Correlation Radiometry 308
12.7 Conclusion 317
References 317
13 Handheld Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (HHLIBS) 321
David Day
13.1 Introduction 321
13.2 Handheld LIBS-Enabling Technologies 323
13.3 Commercial HHLIBS Specifications 337
13.4 HHLIBS Applications 337
13.5 Summary and Future Expectations 341
References 341
14 Miniaturized Mass Spectrometry – Instrumentation, Technology, and Applications 345
Dalton T. Snyder
14.1 Introduction 345
14.2 Instrumentation 346
14.3 Applications 358
14.4 Summary and Outlook 364
Acronyms 364
Further Reading 365
15 Portable Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Instrumentation and Applications 367
Pauline E. Leary, Brooke W. Kammrath and John A. Reffner
15.1 Introduction 367
15.2 History of Portable GC–MS 368
15.3 Critical Components for Portability 370
15.4 Applications 379
15.5 The Future of Portable GC–MS 384
Acknowledgments 385
References 385
16 Development of High-Pressure Mass Spectrometry for Handheld and Benchtop Analyzers 391
Kenion H. Blakeman and Scott E. Miller
16.1 Introduction 391
16.2 Ion Trap Development for HPMS 392
16.3 Commercialization and Applications 401
16.4 Conclusions 408
References 408
17 Key Instrumentation Developments That Have Led to Portable Ion Mobility Spectrometer Systems 415
Reno F. DeBono and Pauline E. Leary
17.1 Background and History 415
17.2 Principles of Ion Mobility Spectrometry 417
17.3 Current Innovations and Future Directions 439
17.4 Conclusions 441
Acronyms 442
Abbreviations and Symbols 443
References 444
18 X-Ray Sources for Handheld X-Ray Fluorescence Instruments 449
Sterling Cornaby
18.1 Background 449
18.2 The Miniature X-Ray Source 450
18.3 The Selection of a Target Anode Material for XRF 455
18.4 Functionality of X-Ray Sources for HHXRF 461
18.5 Conclusion 472
References 473
19 Semiconductor Detectors for Portable Energy-Dispersive XRF Spectrometry 475
Andrei Stratilatov
19.1 Introduction 475
19.2 Semiconductor Detector Fundamentals: Signal Formation 476
19.3 Detectors for Portable Spectrometers: Design and Performance 486
19.4 Silicon Drift Detectors 489
19.5 Si Detectors’ Quantum Efficiency: X-Ray EntranceWindows 491
19.6 Conclusion 498
Acronyms and Abbreviations 499
References 499
20 Field-Deployable Utility of Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometers 501
Koby L. Kizzire and Griffin Cassata
20.1 Introduction 501
20.2 NMR Theory 503
20.3 Magnet Miniaturization 505
20.4 Improvements in Sensitivity and Resolution 506
20.5 Current bNMR Spectrometers 507
20.6 Applications 509
20.7 Conclusion 510
References 511
21 Rapid DNA Analysis – Need, Technology, and Applications 515
Claire L. Glynn and Angie Ambers
21.1 Need for Speed 515
21.2 Technology 518
21.3 Applications 529
21.4 Limitations and Important Considerations 538
21.5 Future Considerations and Conclusions 539
A Appendix 540
A.1 Acronyms 540
References 541
22 Portable Biological Spectroscopy: Field Applications 545
Brian Damit and Miquel Antoine
22.1 Introduction 545
22.2 Organization of This Chapter 547
22.3 Attributes of Field-Portable Spectroscopy Systems 547
22.4 Field Applications 548
22.5 Summary, Challenges, and Outlook 558
Acknowledgements 558
List of Acronyms 559
References 559
Index 565
About the Author :
RICHARD A. CROCOMBE, PHD, operates Crocombe Spectroscopy Consulting, served as the 2020 President of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS), and is Chair of the SPIE ‘Next‐Generation Spectroscopic Technologies’ conference. He has 40 years of experience in the analytical instrumentation business. For the last 15 years, he has specialized in miniature and portable spectrometers.
PAULINE E. LEARY, PHD, is a Reachback Chemist at Federal Resources where she specializes in miniature and portable spectrometers and instrument platforms. For over 15 years, she has been training users, including field scientists, emergency responders, and conventional and specialized forces of the United States military, on the theory and operation of portable systems. Pauline has presented on portable instruments at conferences and technical symposia throughout the world.
BROOKE W. KAMMRATH, PHD, is the Assistant Director of the Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science and an Associate Professor in the Forensic Science Department of the Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences at University of New Haven. She also serves as a scientific consultant and expert witness for both criminal and civil cases. She served as the President of the New York Microscopical Society (NYMS) from 2017-2019, is on the Governing Board of the Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS), and is a Diplomate of the American Board of Criminalistics (ABC).
