Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, EMEA Edition

The ability to analyze and interpret enormous amounts of data has become a prerequisite for success in allied healthcare and the health sciences. Now in its 11th edition, Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences continues to offer in-depth guidance toward biostatistical concepts, techniques, and practical applications in the modern healthcare setting. Comprehensive in scope yet detailed in coverage, this text helps students understand—and appropriately use—probability distributions, sampling distributions, estimation, hypothesis testing, variance analysis, regression, correlation analysis, and other statistical tools fundamental to the science and practice of medicine. Clearly-defined pedagogical tools help students stay up-to-date on new material, and an emphasis on statistical software allows faster, more accurate calculation while putting the focus on the underlying concepts rather than the math. Students develop highly relevant skills in inferential and differential statistical techniques, equipping them with the ability to organize, summarize, and interpret large bodies of data. Suitable for both graduate and advanced undergraduate coursework, this text retains the rigor required for use as a professional reference.

Table of Contents:
PREFACE vii 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS 1 1.1 Introduction, 2 1.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions, 2 1.3 Measurement and Measurement Scales, 5 1.4 Sampling and Statistical Inference, 7 Exercises, 12 1.5 The Scientific Method, 13 Exercises, 15 1.6 Computers and Technology, 15 1.7 Summary, 16 Review Questions and Exercises, 16 References, 17 2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 18 2.1 Introduction, 19 2.2 The Ordered Array, 19 2.3 Frequency Tables, 21 Exercises, 25 2.4 Measures of Central Tendency, 29 2.5 Measures of Dispersion, 34 Exercises, 41 2.6 Visualizing Data, 43 Exercises, 51 2.7 Summary, 51 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 2, 51 Review Questions and Exercises, 53 References, 56 3 SOME BASIC PROBABILITY CONCEPTS 57 3.1 Introduction, 57 3.2 Two Views of Probability: Objective and Subjective, 58 3.3 Elementary Properties of Probability, 60 3.4 Calculating the Probability of an Event, 61 Exercises, 68 3.5 Bayes' Theorem, Screening Tests, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value Positive and Negative, 69 Exercises, 73 3.6 Summary, 74 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 3, 75 Review Questions and Exercises, 76 References, 79 4 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 80 4.1 Introduction, 81 4.2 Probability Distributions of Discrete Variables, 81 Exercises, 86 4.3 The Binomial Distribution, 87 Exercises, 95 4.4 The Poisson Distribution, 96 Exercises, 100 4.5 Continuous Probability Distributions, 101 4.6 The Normal Distribution, 103 Exercises, 109 4.7 Normal Distribution Applications, 109 Exercises, 113 4.8 Summary, 114 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 4, 114 Review Questions and Exercises, 115 References, 117 5 SOME IMPORTANT SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 119 5.1 Introduction, 119 5.2 Sampling Distributions, 120 5.3 Distribution of the Sample Mean, 121 Exercises, 128 5.4 Distribution of the Difference between Two Sample Means, 129 Exercises, 133 5.5 Distribution of the Sample Proportion, 134 Exercises, 136 5.6 Distribution of the Difference between Two Sample Proportions, 137 Exercises, 139 5.7 Summary, 139 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 5, 140 Review Questions and Exercises, 140 References, 141 6 ESTIMATION 143 6.1 Introduction, 144 6.2 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean, 147 Exercises, 152 6.3 The t Distribution, 153 Exercises, 157 6.4 Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Population Means, 158 Exercises, 164 6.5 Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion, 165 Exercises, 166 6.6 Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Population Proportions, 167 Exercises, 168 6.7 Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Means, 169 Exercises, 171 6.8 Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Proportions, 171 Exercises, 172 6.9 The Chi-Square Distribution and the Confidence Interval for the Variance of a Normally Distributed Population, 173 Exercises, 177 6.10 The F-Distribution and the Confidence Interval for the Ratio of the Variances of Two Normally Distributed Populations, 177 Exercises, 180 6.11 Summary, 181 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 6, 182 Review Questions and Exercises, 183 References, 186 7 HYPOTHESIS TESTING 189 7.1 Introduction, 190 7.2 Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Mean, 200 Exercises, 211 7.3 Hypothesis Testing: The Difference between Two Population Means, 213 Exercises, 221 7.4 Paired Comparisons, 224 Exercises, 229 7.5 Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Proportion, 232 Exercises, 234 7.6 Hypothesis Testing: The Difference between Two Population Proportions, 235 Exercises, 236 7.7 Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Variance, 238 Exercises, 240 7.8 Hypothesis Testing: The Ratio of Two Population Variances, 241 Exercises, 244 7.9 The Type II Error and the Power of a Test, 245 Exercises, 249 7.10 Determining Sample Size to Control Type II Errors, 249 Exercises, 251 7.11 Summary, 251 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 7, 252 Review Questions and Exercises, 254 References, 264 8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 267 8.1 Introduction, 268 8.2 The Completely Randomized Design, 271 Exercises, 289 8.3 The Randomized Complete Block Design, 294 Exercises, 301 8.4 The Repeated Measures Design, 305 Exercises, 313 8.5 The Factorial Experiment, 315 Exercises, 326 8.6 Summary, 329 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 8, 329 Review Questions and Exercises, 331 References, 350 9 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION 354 9.1 Introduction, 355 9.2 The Regression Model, 355 9.3 The Sample Regression Equation, 357 Exercises, 364 9.4 Evaluating the Regression Equation, 366 Exercises, 380 9.5 Using the Regression Equation, 380 Exercises, 384 9.6 The Correlation Model, 384 9.7 The Correlation Coefficient, 386 Exercises, 394 9.8 Some Precautions, 397 9.9 Summary, 398 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 9, 399 Review Questions and Exercises, 401 References, 413 10 MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND CORRELATION 416 10.1 Introduction, 417 10.2 The Multiple Linear Regression Model, 417 10.3 Obtaining the Multiple Regression Equation, 418 Exercises, 423 10.4 Evaluating the Multiple Regression Equation, 427 Exercises, 433 10.5 Using the Multiple Regression Equation, 433 Exercises, 435 10.6 The Multiple Correlation Model, 435 Exercises, 443 10.7 Summary, 446 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 10, 447 Review Questions and Exercises, 448 References, 454 11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SOME ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES 455 11.1 Introduction, 455 11.2 Qualitative Independent Variables, 459 Exercises, 472 11.3 Variable Selection Procedures, 474 Exercises, 478 11.4 Logistic Regression, 485 Exercises, 495 11.5 Poisson Regression, 497 Exercises, 503 11.6 Summary, 504 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 11, 505 Review Questions and Exercises, 506 References, 517 12 ThE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION AND THE ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCIES 519 12.1 Introduction, 520 12.2 The Mathematical Properties of the Chi-Square Distribution, 520 12.3 Tests of Goodness-of-Fit, 523 Exercises, 533 12.4 Tests of Independence, 535 Exercises, 544 12.5 Tests of Homogeneity, 545 Exercises, 551 12.6 The Fisher's Exact Test, 552 Exercises, 557 12.7 Relative Risk, Odds Ratio, and the Mantel-Haenszel Statistic, 557 Exercises, 567 12.8 Summary, 569 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 12, 570 Review Questions and Exercises, 571 References, 576 13 NONPARAMETRIC AND DISTRIBUTION-FREE STATISTICS 579 13.1 Introduction, 580 13.2 Measurement Scales, 581 13.3 The Sign Test, 581 Exercises, 588 13.4 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Location, 589 Exercises, 593 13.5 The Median Test, 594 Exercises, 596 13.6 The Mann–Whitney Test, 597 Exercises, 602 13.7 The Kolmogorov–Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test, 604 Exercises, 610 13.8 The Kruskal–Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks, 610 Exercises, 615 13.9 The Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks, 618 Exercises, 622 13.10 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient, 623 Exercises, 629 13.11 Nonparametric Regression Analysis, 631 Exercises, 634 13.12 Summary, 634 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 13, 635 Review Questions and Exercises, 636 References, 644 14 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 646 14.1 Introduction, 647 14.2 Time-to-Event Data and Censoring, 647 14.3 The Kaplan–Meier Procedure, 651 Exercises, 656 14.4 Comparing Survival Curves, 658 Exercises, 661 14.5 Cox Regression: The Proportional Hazards Model, 663 Exercises, 666 14.6 Summary, 667 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 14, 667 Review Questions and Exercises, 668 References, 669 15 VITAL STATISTICS 671 15.1 Introduction, 671 15.2 Death Rates and Ratios, 672 Exercises, 677 15.3 Measures of Fertility, 679 Exercises, 681 15.4 Measures of Morbidity, 682 Exercises, 683 15.5 Summary, 683 Summary of Formulas for Chapter 15, 684 Review Questions and Exercises, 685 References, 686 INDEX 689 The following supplements are available through your instructor APPENDIX: STATISTICAL TABLES ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS