Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture

The essential guide to environmental control systems in building design  For over 25 years Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture has provided architects and design professionals the knowledge and tools required to design a sustainable built environment at the schematic design stage. This Fifth Edition offers cutting-edge research in the field of sustainable architecture and design and has been completely restructured based on net zero design strategies. Reflecting the latest developments in codes, standards, and rating systems for energy efficiency, Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture includes three new chapters:  Retrofits: Best practices for efficient energy optimization in existing buildings  Integrated Design: Strategies for synergizing passive and active design  Design Tools: How to utilize the best tools to benchmark a building's sustainability and net zero potential  Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture is a go-to resource for practicing professionals and students in the fields of environmental systems technology or design, environmental design systems, construction technology, and sustainability technology.  

Table of Contents:
Foreword to the Fifth Edition Foreword to the First Edition Part 1: Fundamentals Chapter 1: Background: Architecture in a Warming World 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Indigenous and Vernacular Architecture 1.3 Formal Architecture 1.4 Architecture and Energy 1.5 The Architectural Approach to Low-Energy Design 1.6 Climate And Architecture 1.7 Dynamic Versus Static Buildings 1.8 Form, Color and Ornamentation 1.9 Biophilic Design 1.10 Resilient Design 1.11 Sustainability Codes and Voluntary Programs 1.12 The Moral Imperative 1.13 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 2: Climate Change: The Key Sustainability Issue 2.1 Easter Island: Learning from the Past 2.2 Sustainable Design and Climate Change 2.3 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design 2.4 The Sustainability Movement 2.5 The Basic Causes of Environmental Problems 2.6 Growth 2.7 Exponential Growth 2.8 The Amoeba Analogy 2.9 Supply Versus Efficiency 2.10 Sustainable-Design Issues 2.11 Embodied Energy 2.12 Climate Change 2.13 The Ozone Hole 2.14 Efficiency Versus Renewable Energy 2.15 Energy Sources 2.16 Energy Use in Ancient Greece 2.17 Nonrenewable Fossil Energy Sources 2.18 Nuclear Energy 2.19 Renewable Energy Sources 2.20 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 3: Basic Principles: The Physics of Heat Flow for Heating and Cooling Buildings 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Heat 3.3 Sensible Heat 3.4 Latent Heat 3.5 Evaporative Cooling 3.6 Convection 3.7 Transport 3.8 Energy-Transfer Mediums 3.9 Radiation 3.10 Greenhouse Effect 3.11 Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface 3.12 Mean Radiant Temperature 3.13 Heat Flow 3.14 Heat Sink 3.15 Heat Capacity 3.16 Thermal Resistance 3.17 Heat-Flow Coefficient 3.18 Time Lag 3.19 Insulating Effect of Mass 3.20 Energy Conversion 3.21 Combined Heat and Power 3.22 Off-Site Versus On-Site Renewable Energy 3.23 The Game Changers: Heat Pumps and Batteries 3.24 Net-Zero Buildings 3.25 Conclusion Executive Summary Chapter 4: Climate: Its Significant Impact on Buildings 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Climate 4.3 Microclimate 4.4 Climatic Anomalies 4.5 Climate Regions in a Time of Climate Change 4.6 Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables 4.7 Relative Heating and Cooling Loads 4.8 Climatic Data Tables 4.9 Design Strategies Executive Summary Resources Chapter 5: Psychometrics: Thermal Comfort 5.1 Biological Machine 5.2 Thermal Barriers 5.3 Metabolic Rate 5.4 Thermal Conditions of the Environment 5.5 The Psychrometric Chart 5.6 Dew Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 5.7 Heat Content of Air 5.8 Thermal Comfort 5.9 Shifting of the Comfort Zone 5.10 Adaptive Comfort 5.11 Clothing and Comfort 5.12 Strategies 5.13 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 6: Solar Geometry: The Most Powerful Element of Design 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Sun 6.3 Elliptical Orbit 6.4 Tilt of the Earth’s Axis 6.5 Consequences of the Altitude Angle 6.6 Winter 6.7 The Sun Revolves Around the Earth! 6.8 The Sky Dome 6.9 Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles 6.10 Solar Time 6.11 Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 6.12 Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 6.13 Drawing Sunbeams 6.14 Sun-Path Models 6.15 Solar Heat Gain 6.16 Solar Site-Evaluation Tools 6.17 Heliodons 6.18 Sundials for Model Testing 6.19 Conceptually Clear Heliodons 6.20 Solar Responsive Design Strategies 6.20 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Part 2: Passive Design Strategies Chapter 7: Passive Heating Systems: The Solar Potential of Natural Heating 7.1 History 7.2 Solar in America 7.3 Solar Hemicycle 7.4 Latest Rediscovery of Passive Solar 7.5 Passive Solar 7.6 Direct-Gain Systems 7.7 Design Guidelines for Direct-Gain Systems 7.8 Example 7.9 Trombe Wall Systems 7.10 Design Guidelines for Trombe Wall Systems 7.11 Example 7.12 Sunspaces 7.13 Balcomb House 7.14 Sunspace Design Guidelines 7.15 Comparison of the Three Main Passive Heating Systems 7.16 General Considerations for Passive Solar Systems 7.17 Heat-Storage Materials 7.18 Other Passive Heating Systems 7.19 Maximizing Passive Solar 7.20 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 8: Solar Rejection: Shading and Light Colors 8.1 Introduction to Solar Rejection 8.2 History of Shading And Light Colors 8.3 Shading Myths 8.4 Shading Basics 8.5 Fixed Exterior Shading Devices 8.6 Dynamic (Movable) Shading Devices 8.7 Shading Periods of the Year 8.8 Overhangs 8.9 Design of Horizontal Overhangs: Basic Graphical Method 8.10 Shading Design Strategies for South Windows 8.11 Shading Design Strategies for East and West Windows 8.12 Design of Fins on North Windows 8.13 Design Guidelines for Eggcrate Shading Devices 8.14 Special Shading Strategies 8.15 Shading Outdoor Spaces 8.16 Using Physical Models for Shading Design 8.17 Glazing as the Shading Element 8.18 Interior Shading Devices 8.19 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 8.20 Roof and Wall Reflectivity 8.21 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 9: Passive Cooling: Natural Cooling, Raising the Comfort Zone, and Heat Avoidance 9.1 Introduction to Cooling 9.2 Historical and Indigenous Use of Passive Cooling 9.3 Passive Cooling Systems 9.4 Comfort Ventilation Versus Night-Flush Cooling 9.5 Basic Principles of Airflow 9.6 Airflow Through Buildings 9.7 Example of Ventilation Design 9.8 Comfort Ventilation 9.9 Night-Flush Cooling 9.10 Double-Skin Facades and Operable Roofs 9.11 Radiant Cooling 9.12 Evaporative Cooling 9.13 Cool Towers 9.14 Earth Cooling 9.15 Dehumidification with a Desiccant 9.16 Solar Chimney 9.17 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 10: Site Analysis: Orientation, Landscape and Context in Net-Zero Design 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Analysis 10.3 Site Selection 10.4 Solar Access 10.5 Shadow Patterns 10.6 Site Planning 10.7 Solar Zoning 10.8 Physical Models 10.9 Wind and Site Design 10.10 Plants and Vegetation 10.11 Vegetated Roofs 10.12 Lawns 10.13 Landscaping 10.14 Community Design 10.15 Cooling Our Communities 10.16 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 11: Light: Color, Vision, and Perception 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Light 11.3 Reflectance/Transmittance 11.4 Color 11.5 Vision 11.6 Perception 11.7 Performance of a Visual Task 11.8 Characteristics of the Visual Task 11.9 Illumination Level 11.10 Brightness Ratios 11.11 Glare 11.12 Equivalent Spherical Illumination 11.13 Activity Needs 11.14 Biological Needs 11.15 Light and Health 11.16 The Poetry of Light 11.17 Rules for Lighting Design 11.18 Career Possibilities 11.19 Conclusion Exective Summary References Chapter 12: Daylighting: Architectural Control for Natural Beauty, Comfort, and Energy Reduction 12.1 History of Daylighting 12.2 Why Daylighting? 12.3 The Nature of Daylight 12.4 Conceptual Model 12.5 Illumination and the Daylight Factor 12.6 Light Without Heat? 12.7 Cool Daylight 12.8 Goals of Daylighting 12.9 Basic Daylighting Strategies 12.10 Basic Window Strategies 12.11 Advanced Window Strategies 12.12 Window Glazing Materials 12.13 Top Lighting 12.14 Skylight Strategies 12.15 Clerestories, Monitors, and Light Scoops 12.16 Special Daylighting Techniques 12.17 Translucent Walls and Roofs 12.18 Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting 12.19 Physical Modeling 12.20 Guidelines for Daylighting 12.21 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 13: The Thermal Envelope: Keeping Warm and Staying Cool 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Heat Loss 13.3 Heat Gain 13.4 Solar Reflectivity (Albedo) 13.5 Compactness, Exposed Area, and Thermal Planning 13.6 Insulation Materials 13.7 The Thermal Envelope 13.8 Heat Bridges 13.9 Windows 13.10 Dynamic Insulation 13.11 Insulating Effect from Thermal Mass 13.12 Earth Sheltering 13.13 Infiltration and Ventilation 13.14 Water: The Enemy of Architecture 13.15 Radon 13.16 Appliances 13.17 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 14: Retrofits: Energy Efficiency Upgrades for Existing Buildings 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Goals for the Energy Upgrade 14.3 Envelope Upgrades 14.4 Lighting 14.5 Mechanical Equipment 14.6 Hot Water 14.7 Appliances 14.8 Renewable Energy 14.9 Miscellaneous 14.10 Case Studies Exective Summary Chapter 15: Tropical Architecture: Not Your Temperate Architecture 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Traditional Tropical Architecture 15.3 The Tropical Climate 15.4 The Solar Geometry of the Tropics 15.5 Shading in Tropical Climates 15.6 Daylighting in the Tropics 15.7 Passive Cooling 15.8 Air-Conditioned Buildings in the Tropics 15.9 Conclusion Executive Summary Part 3: Active Design Strategies Chapter 16: Electric Lighting: To Complement Daylight and at Night 16.1 Introduction 16.2 History of Light Sources 16.3 Light Sources 16.4 Incandescent and Halogen Lamps 16.5 Discharge Lamps 16.6 Fluorescent Lamps 16.7 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 16.8 Light-Emitting Diodes (Leds) 16.9 Comparison of the Major Lighting Sources 16.10 Luminaires 16.11 Lenses, Diffusers, and Baffles 16.12 Lighting Systems 16.13 Remote-Source Lighting Systems 16.14 Visualizing Light Distribution 16.15 Architectural Lighting 16.16 Outdoor Lighting 16.17 Emergency Lighting 16.18 Controls 16.19 Maintenance 16.20 Rules for Energy-Efficient Electric Lighting Design 16.21 Laws and Standards 16.22 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 17: Photovoltaics and Solar Thermal 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The Almost Ideal Energy Source 17.3 History of PV 17.4 The PV Cell 17.5 Types of PV Systems 17.6 Balance of System Equipment 17.7 Site-Integrated Photovoltaics 17.8 Glazing and PV 17.9 Orientation and Tilt 17.10 Design Guidelines 17.11 The Promise of PV 17.12 Sizing a PV System 17.13 The Cost-Effectiveness of PV versus Solar Thermal Applications 17.14 Solar Thermal Basics 17.15 Solar Thermal Swimming-Pool Heating 17.16 Solar Hot-Water Systems 17.17 Passive Solar Thermal Systems 17.18 Solar Hot-Air Collectors 17.19 Preheating of Ventilation Air 17.20 Designing a Solar Thermal System 17.21 The Future of Solar Thermal 17.22 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Chapter 18: Mechanical Equipment for Heating and Cooling 16.1 Introduction 18.2 Heating 18.3 Thermal Zones 18.4 Heating Systems 18.5 Electric Heating 18.6 Hot-Water (Hydronic) Heating 18.7 Hot-Air Systems 18.8 Cooling 18.9 Refrigeration Cycles 18.10 Heat Pumps 18.11 Geo-Exchange 18.12 Cooling Systems 18.13 Air-Conditioning for Small Buildings 18.14 Air-Conditioning for Large Multistory Buildings 18.15 Design Guidelines for Mechanical Systems 18.16 Air Supply (Ducts and Diffusers) 18.17 Ventilation 18.18 Energy-Efficient Ventilation Systems 18.19 Air Filtration and Odor Removal 18.20 Special Systems 18.21 Integrated and Exposed Mechanical Equipment 18.22 Low-Energy Heating and Cooling 18.23 Conclusion Executive Summary Resources Part 4: Integrated Design Chapter 19: Synergies: When the Whole is Greater than the Sum of the Parts 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Strategies 19.3 Synergies 19.4 Case Studies 19.5 Conclusion Executive Summary Part 5: Tools Chapter 20: Integrated Design Process 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Definition 20.3 Differences 20.4 Coordination 20.5 Documentation 20.6 Conclusion Executive Summary Chapter 21: Codes 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Sustainability Codes 21.3 History 21.4 Current Model Codes 21.5 Reference Standards 21.6 Government Initiatives 21.7 Non-Governmental Initiatives 21.8 Conclusion Executive Summary Chapter 22: Checklistfor Designing Net-Zero Buildings 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Site Selection 22.3 Form 22.4 Plan 22.5 Windows 22.6 Daylighting 22.7 Shading 22.8 Color 22.9 Thermal Envelope 22.10 Thermal Mass 22.11 Glazing 22.12 Air Barrier 22.13 Passive Systems 22.14 Electric Lighting 22.15 Mechanical Equipment 22.16 Behavioral Controls 22.17 Renewable Technology Chapter 23: Assessment 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Global Rating Systems 23.3 Process 23.4 Conclusion Executive Summary Chapter 24: Digital 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Building Performance Analytics 24.3 Methodology 24.4 Challenges 24.5 Conclusion Executive Summary Appendix A:Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams Steps for Converting Sun-Path Charts for Use in the Southern Hemisphere Appendix B:Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams Steps for Converting Sun-Path Charts for Use in the Southern Hemisphere Appendix C: Solar Altitude and Azimuth Angles Appendix D: Methods for Estimating the Height of Trees, Buildings, and the Like D.1 Proportional-Shadow Method D.2 Similar-Triangle Method D.3 45° Right-Triangle Method D.4 Trigonometric Method D.5 Tools for Measuring Vertical Angles Appendix E:Sundials Appendix F:Sun-Path Models F.1 Introduction F.2 Directions for Constructing a Sun-Path Model Appendix G:The Water Table for Ventilation Studies G.1 Introduction G.2 Construction of a Water Table Appendix H:Site Evaluation Tools H.1 Introduction H.2 The Solar Pathfinder H.3 The Suneye H.4 The Sun Locator H.5 Do-It-Yourself Solar Site Evaluator Appendix I:Heliodons I.1 Introduction I.2 The Sun Simulator Heliodon I.3 The Sun Emulator Heliodon I.4 The Tabletop Heliodon I.5 The Bowling Ball Heliodon Appendix J: Tables of R-Values Appendix K:Resources K.1 Journals K.2 Videos K.3 Organizations K.5 Web-Based Resources Appendix L:Conversion Factors Between the Inch-Pound (I-P) System and the International System of Units (SI) Appendix M: Sizing a PV Array M.1 Finding the PV Array Size for a Stand-Alone Building by the Short Calculation Method M.3 Design Guidelines Bibliography

About the Author :
NORBERT LECHNER, LEED AP (Chapel Hill, NC) Architect and Professor Emeritus of Architecture in the Building Science Department at Auburn University, is an expert in energy responsive architectural design with an emphasis on solar responsive design, including daylighting. He is a consultant for designing sustainable, low energy, and solar responsive buildings, and is the inventor of new types of heliodons that are invaluable for teaching and designing solar responsive buildings. PATRICIA ANDRASIK, NCARB, AIA, IIDA, LEED BD+C, LEED O+M (Washington, D.C.) Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies and Assistant Professor in the School of Architecture and Planning at The Catholic University of America, is a licensed architect in Washington, D.C. and is internationally recognized for her research in informing design through performance metrics and using performance metrics to inform O&M.