Oil and Oilseed Processing: Opportunities and Challenges(IFST Advances in Food Science)

Oil and Oilseed Processing The latest information available on oil and oilseed processing Oil and Oilseed Processing offers a comprehensive text that explores both the conventional and novel “green” extraction methods used to extract oils from seeds. The authors—noted experts on the topic—examine the positive aspects of operations in processing oil and oilseeds and present the processing concepts, principles, effects on quality, as well as the stability characteristics, limitations, and challenges. Due to the economic implications associated with the overproduction of seed oils, the book includes pertinent information on vegetable and animal-derived oils for industrial applications. The authors also explore recent applications and future perspectives for vegetable and animal oils use in the food and non-food industry. Safety concerns regarding oil and oilseed processing and waste valorisation are also covered in-depth. This important guide: Explores the traditional and new extraction methods used to extract oils from seeds Contains the most up-to-date insight into oil and oilseed processing Focuses on the areas of oil processing, safety, quality, and nutritional evaluation Written for food scientists and professional food technologists, Oil and Oilseed Processing is the only book on the market that contains the most recent information on all aspects of oil and oilseed processing.

Table of Contents:
Contents Preface xi List of Contributors xiii 1 Production and Consumption of Oils and Oilseeds 1 Tomás Lafarga 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Oilseeds and Oils: Production and Trade 2 1.2.1 Copra and Coconut Oil 2 1.2.2 Cottonseeds and Cottonseed Oil 6 1.2.3 Groundnuts and Groundnut Oil 6 1.2.4 Linseed 7 1.2.5 Maize 8 1.2.6 Olive Oil 9 1.2.7 Palm and Palm Kernel Oil 10 1.2.8 Rapeseed and Canola Oil 12 1.2.9 Sesame Seeds and Sesame Oil 12 1.2.10 Soybean 14 1.2.11 Sunflower 14 1.3 Novel Sources for Oil Production 17 1.4 Summary 18 Acknowledgments 18 References 18 2 Conventional Oils and Oilseeds: Composition and Nutritional Importance 23 Gloria Bobo, Iolanda Nicolau-Lapeña and Ingrid Aguiló-Aguayo 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Oilseeds 24 2.2.1 Description of Oilseeds 24 2.2.2 Physicochemical Properties of Oilseeds Oils 25 2.2.3 Nutritional Properties 25 2.2.4 Bioactive Properties 27 2.2.5 Antinutritional Factors 30 2.3 Factors Affecting Oil Yield 30 2.4 Overview of Oilseed Processing and Current Applications 33 Acknowledgments 34 References 35 3 Novel Sources for Oil Production 41 Marco Garcia-Vaquero and Brijesh K. Tiwari 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Algae 42 3.2.1 Microalgae 42 3.2.2 Macroalgae 47 3.3 Insects 48 3.4 Unconventional Plants and Seeds 52 3.5 Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects 53 Acknowledgements 55 References 55 4 Oils Extracted from Nuts and Grains 61 Nirupama Gangopadhyay 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Oils 61 4.3 Nut Lipids 63 4.3.1 Composition of Nut Lipids 64 4.3.2 Processing of Nuts 66 4.3.3 Application/Utilization of Nut Lipids 68 4.4 Grain Lipids 68 4.4.1 Composition of Cereal Grains 69 4.4.2 Distribution of Lipids in Cereal Grains 72 4.4.3 Processing of Cereals 73 4.4.4 Application/Utilization of Cereal Lipids 75 4.5 Conclusions 76 References 76 5 New Approaches to Detect Compositional Shifts in Fish Oils 81 Editha Giese and Jan Fritsche 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Production and Processing 82 5.3 Nutritional Benefits 83 5.4 Oxidative Stability 84 5.5 Methods for Quality Assessment 84 5.6 Conventional Methods 85 5.6.1 Wet‐Chemical Methods 85 5.6.2 Instrumental Methods 85 5.7 Machine Learning Approaches toward the Detection of Compositional Shifts 88 5.7.1 Standard Methods 90 5.7.2 Advanced Methods 92 5.7.3 Limitations 95 5.8 Future Perspectives 95 References 96 6 Milk Fats 103 Rogelio Sánchez-Vega, América Chávez-Martínez, Juan Manuel Tirado-Gallegos, Néstor Gutiérrez-Méndez and María Janeth Rodríguez-Roque 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Health Effects of Milk Fats 105 6.2.1 Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) 105 6.2.2 Fatty Acids 105 6.2.3 Oleic Acid 105 6.2.4 Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA, 18:2 Conjugated) 106 6.2.5 Sphingomyelin 106 6.2.6 Phosphatidylcholine 106 6.2.7 Phosphatidylserine 106 6.3 Pre‐Treatment and Processing Technologies 107 6.3.1 Cooling 107 6.3.2 Heat Treatment 107 6.3.3 Homogenization 107 6.4 Techniques for Obtaining Functionality of Milk Fats 108 6.4.1 Melting 110 6.4.2 Fractionation 110 6.4.3 Crystallization 110 6.4.4 Blending 111 6.4.5 Softening or Hardening of Milk Fat 111 6.4.6 Interesterification 111 6.4.7 Hydrolysis 111 6.4.8 Hydrogenation 111 6.4.9 Cholesterol Reduction 112 6.5 Current and Potential Applications in the Food Industry and Other Areas 112 6.5.1 Milk Fats in Foods 113 6.5.2 Structured Lipids 113 6.5.3 Edible Films 113 6.6 Non‐food Uses of Milk Fats 113 6.7 Future Trends 114 References 114 7 Oils and Their Use Beyond the Food Industry 119 Douglas G. Hayes 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Seed Oils for Non‐food and Industrial Applications 120 7.2.1 Common Oil Crops 120 7.2.2 Industrial Oil Crops 121 7.3 Industrial Applications of Seed Oils 123 7.3.1 Biopolymers 123 7.3.2 Biofuels 129 7.3.3 Surfactants 135 7.3.4 Lubricants 138 7.3.5 Plasticizers 140 7.3.6 Cosmetics 141 7.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 141 References 142 8 Occurrence and Determination of Contaminants in Edible Oils and Oilseeds 149 José L. Hidalgo-Ruiz, Roberto Romero-González, José Luis Martínez-Vidal and Antonia Garrido-Frenich 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Mycotoxins 151 8.2.1 Sources of Contamination 151 8.2.2 Legislation 152 8.2.3 Analysis 152 8.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 155 8.3.1 Sources of Contamination 155 8.3.2 Legislation 155 8.3.3 Analysis 156 8.4 3‐MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters 158 8.4.1 Sources of Contamination 158 8.4.2 Legislation 159 8.4.3 Analysis 160 8.5 Mineral Oil 162 8.5.1 Sources of Contamination and Legislation 162 8.5.2 Analysis 163 8.6 Phthalates 166 8.6.1 Sources of Contamination 166 8.6.2 Legislation 166 8.6.3 Analysis 167 8.7 Pesticides 168 8.7.1 Sources of Contamination 168 8.7.2 Legislation 169 8.7.3 Analysis 169 8.8 Conclusions 172 Acknowledgments 173 References 173 9 By-Products from Oilseed Processing and Their Potential Applications 183 María Janeth Rodríguez-Roque, Rogelio Sánchez-Vega, Ramona Pérez-Leal, Mayra Cristina Soto-Caballero, Nora Aideé Salas-Salazar and María Antonia Flores-Córdova 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Oilseed by‐Products: Origin, Characteristics, and Composition 184 9.2.1 By‐Products from Unprocessed Oilseeds 184 9.2.2 By‐Products from Oilseed Processing 189 9.3 Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of Oilseed by‐Products 190 9.3.1 Carbohydrates 190 9.3.2 Proteins 191 9.3.3 Fiber 192 9.3.4 Minerals 192 9.3.5 Vitamins 192 9.3.6 Phenolic Compounds 193 9.3.7 Lignans 193 9.3.8 Tocopherols 193 9.4 Antinutritional Compounds 193 9.4.1 Glucosinolates 194 9.4.2 Phytic Acid or Phytate 194 9.4.3 Oxalic Acid 194 9.4.4 Erucic and Brassidic Acids 194 9.4.5 Carbohydrates with Antinutritional Properties 195 9.4.6 Other Antinutritional Factors 195 9.5 Current Applications in the Valorization of Oilseed by‐Products 195 9.5.1 Vegetable Proteins Source 195 9.5.2 Natural Antioxidants and Preservatives 196 9.5.3 Organic Fertilizer 196 9.5.4 Livestock Diets 197 9.5.5 Renewable Energy 197 9.6 Future Trends 198 References 199 10 Proteins and Peptides Derived from Rapeseed: Techno-Functional and Bioactive Properties 203 Maria Hayes 10.1 Introduction 203 10.2 Summary of Existing Rapeseed Meal Protein Extraction Processes 204 10.3 Hydrolysis of Rapeseed Proteins and Rapeseed Meal to Produce High Value Bioactive Compounds 205 10.4 Techno‐Functional Attributes of Rapeseed Proteins 206 10.4.1 Emulsifying Properties 206 10.4.2 Digestibility of Rapeseed Proteins 207 10.4.3 Solubility 208 10.5 Bioactivities of Rapeseed Protein Hydrolysates and Identified Bioactive Peptides 209 10.5.1 Heart Health Benefits – Inhibition of Enzymes Associated with Cardiovascular Disease 209 10.5.2 Anti‐Proliferative Activity of Rapeseed Meal Hydrolysates/Fermentates 213 10.6 Safety of Rapeseed Proteins and Hydrolysates 213 10.7 Conclusion 213 References 214 11 Oils and Oilseeds in the Nutraceutical and Functional Food Industries 219 Manuel Suárez, Andreu Gual-Grau, Javier Ávila-Román, Cristina Torres-Fuentes, Miquel Mulero, Gerard Aragonès, Francisca Isabel Bravo and Begoña Muguerza 11.1 Introduction 219 11.2 Functional Food and Nutraceuticals 220 11.2.1 Definition 220 11.2.2 Regulation 221 11.3 Vegetable and Seed Oils as Source of Bioactive Compounds 221 11.3.1 Saponifiable Fraction 221 11.3.2 Unsaponifiable Fraction 222 11.4 Bioactivity of Vegetable Oils and Oilseeds 228 11.4.1 Olive Oil 228 11.4.2 Sunflower Oil 229 11.4.3 Corn Oil 229 11.4.4 Palm Oil 230 11.4.5 Peanut Oil 230 11.4.6 Avocado Oil 231 11.4.7 Linseed Oil 231 11.4.8 Sesame Oil 232 11.4.9 Canola Oil/Rapeseed 232 11.5 New Trends and Applications 233 References 235 12 Sensorial Evaluation and Aroma of Vegetable Oils 245 Gemma Echeverria, Chloe Leclerc, Jordi Giné-Bordonaba and Agustí Romero 12.1 Introduction 245 12.2 Olive Oil 246 12.3 Palm Oil 249 12.4 Soybean Oil 250 12.5 Sun Flower Seed Oil 251 12.6 Corn Oil 253 12.7 Peanut Oil 253 12.8 Coconut Oil 255 12.9 Linseed/Flaxseed Oil 256 12.10 Canola or Rapeseed 257 12.11 Hazelnut Oil 260 12.12 Avocado Oil 261 12.13 Almond Oil 264 12.14 Pistachio Oil 265 12.15 Sesame Oil 267 12.16 Walnut Oil 268 References 270 Index 279

About the Author :
About the Editors Tomás Lafarga is a researcher in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Almería, Almería, Spain. Gloria Bobo and Ingrid Aguiló-Aguayo are researchers at the Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Lleida, Spain.