Essential Developmental Biology

ESSENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Discover the foundations of developmental biology with this up to date and focused resource from two leading experts The newly revised Fourth Edition of Essential Developmental Biology delivers the fundamentals of the developmental biology of animals. Designed as a core text for undergraduate students in their first to fourth years, as well as graduate students in their first year, the book is suited to both biologically based and medically oriented courses. The distinguished authors presume no prior knowledge of development, animal structure, or histology. The new edition incorporates modern single cell transcriptome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9, as well as other methods for targeted genetic manipulation. The existing material has also been reorganized to provide for easier reading and learning for students. The book avoids discussions of history and experimental priority and emphasizes instead the modern advances in developmental biology. The authors have kept the text short and focused on the areas truly central to developmental biology. Readers will benefit from the inclusion of such topics as: A thorough discussion of the groundwork of developmental biology, including developmental genetics, cell signaling and commitment, and cell and molecular biology techniques An exploration of major model organisms, including Xenopus, the zebrafish, the chick, the mouse, the human, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans A treatment of organogenesis, including postnatal development, and the development of the nervous system, mesodermal organs, endodermal organs, and imaginal discs in drosophila A final section on growth, stem cell biology, evolution, and regeneration Perfect for undergraduate students, especially those preparing to enter teaching or graduate studies in developmental biology, Essential Developmental Biology will also earn a place in the libraries of those in the pharmaceutical industry expected to be able to evaluate assays based on developmental systems.

Table of Contents:
Preface, ix About the companion website, xi Section 1: Groundwork, 1 1 The excitement of developmental biology, 3 Where the subject came from, 3 Impact of developmental biology, 4 Future impact, 5 2 How development works, 7 Ultrashort summary, 7 Gametogenesis, 10 Early development, 13 Growth and death, 19 3 Approaches to development: developmental genetics, 25 Developmental mutants, 25 Sex chromosomes, 27 Maternal and zygotic, 27 Genetic pathways, 28 Genetic mosaics, 30 Screening for mutants, 31 Cloning of genes, 32 Gain-and loss-of-function experiments, 32 Transgenesis, 32 Other gain-of- function techniques, 34 Targeted mutagenesis, 34 Other loss-of- function systems, 35 Gene duplication, 36 Limitations of developmental genetics, 37 4 Approaches to development: experimental embryology and its molecular basis, 39 Normal development, 39 Developmental commitment, 42 Criteria for proof, 48 Transcription factors, 48 Transcription factor families, 50 Other controls of gene activity, 51 Signaling systems, 51 Genetic regulatory networks, 57 5 Approaches to development: cell and molecular biology techniques, 61 Microscopy, 61 Optical techniques, 61 Confocal, multi-photon, and light sheet microscopes, 63 Image capture, 63 Anatomical and histological methods, 64 Microinjection, 66 Study of gene expression by molecular biology methods, 67 Study of gene expression by in situ methods, 72 Reporter genes, 75 Cell-labeling methods, 76 6 Cells into tissues, 81 Cells in embryos, 81 Cytoskeleton, 82 Small GTP-binding proteins, 84 Extracellular matrix, 84 Cell movement, 85 Epithelial organization, 86 Morphogenetic processes, 88 Section 2: Major model organisms, 97 7 Major model organisms, 99 The big six, 99 Access and micromanipulation, 101 Genetics and genomes, 101 Relevance and tempo, 102 Other organisms, 102 8 Xenopus, 107 Oogenesis, maturation, and fertilization, 108 Normal development, 109 Fate maps, 114 Experimental methods, 115 Processes of regional specification, 119 9 The zebrafish, 135 Normal development, 135 Fate map, 140 Genetics, 141 Reverse genetic methods, 144 Embryological techniques, 145 Regional specification, 145 Other roles of the zebrafish, 150 10 The chick, 153 Normal development, 154 Fate map, 158 Regional specification of the early embryo, 159 Description of organogenesis in the chick, 164 11 The mouse, 173 Mammalian fertilization, 173 Normal development of the mouse, 177 Fate map, 184 Regional specification in the mouse embryo, 185 Transgenic mice, 190 Embryonic stem cells, 192 Knockouts and knock-ins, 192 Nuclear transplantation and imprinting, 196 X-inactivation, 196 Teratocarcinoma, 198 12 Human early development, 203 Human reproduction, 203 Preimplantation development, 205 Human embryonic stem cells, 207 Human postimplantation development, 208 Postimplantation diagnosis: chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, 211 Ethics of human development, 211 13 Drosophila, 217 Insects, 217 Normal development, 219 Fate map, 222 Pole plasm, 224 Drosophila developmental genetics, 224 The developmental program, 227 The dorsoventral pattern, 228 The anteroposterior system, 232 14 Caenorhabditis elegans, 247 Adult anatomy, 248 Embryonic development, 249 Regional specification in the embryo, 251 Analysis of postembryonic development, 259 The germ line, 262 Programmed cell death, 264 Section 3: Organogenesis, 269 15 Techniques for studying organogenesis and postnatal development, 271 Genetics, 271 Clonal analysis, 275 Tissue and organ culture, 278 Cell analysis and separation, 279 16 Development of the nervous system, 283 Overall structure and cell types, 283 Regional specification, 286 Neurogenesis and gliogenesis, 292 The neural crest, 299 Development of neuronal connectivity, 303 17 Development of mesodermal organs, 315 Somitogenesis, 315 Myogenesis, 322 The kidney, 323 Germ cell and gonadal development, 326 Sex determination, 330 Limb development, 330 Blood and blood vessels, 340 The heart, 343 18 Development of endodermal organs, 355 Normal development, 355 Organization of the gut tube, 356 Fate map of the endoderm, 359 Experimental analysis of endoderm development, 359 The pancreas, 366 19 Drosophila imaginal discs, 373 Metamorphosis, 373 Genetic study of larval development, 374 Disc development, 378 Compartments and selector genes, 378 Regional patterning of the wing disc, 381 Regeneration and transdetermination, 384 Morphogen gradients and polarity, 387 Section 4: Growth, evolution, regeneration, 391 20 Tissue organization and stem cells, 393 Types of tissue, 393 Tissue renewal, 397 Stem cells, 401 Intestinal epithelium, 403 Epidermis, 408 Hair follicles, 410 Hematopoietic system, 415 Mesenchymal stem cells and “transdifferentiation”, 419 Spermatogonia, 419 21 Growth, aging, and cancer, 425 Growth: control of size and proportion, 425 Biochemical pathways of growth control, 426 Growth control in insects, 429 Growth control in mammals, 431 Liver regeneration, 433 Growth in stature, 434 Aging, 436 Cell autonomous processes, 437 The insulin pathway and aging, 438 Caloric restriction, 438 Cancer, 440 Classification of tumors and precursor lesions, 440 Molecular biology of cancer, 442 Cancer stem cells, 443 Cancer progression, 444 Cancer therapy, 445 22 Pluripotent stem cells and their applications, 449 Human embryonic stem cells, 449 Induced pluripotent stem cells, 451 Somatic cell nuclear transfer, 453 Direct reprogramming, 454 Applications of human pluripotent stem cells, 455 Cell transplantation therapy, 457 Cell transplantation therapies using pluripotent stem cells, 459 Transplantation therapy for diabetes, 460 Retinal pigment epithelium, 462 Spinal repair, 463 Cardiomyocytes, 463 Parkinson’s disease, 463 Introduction of new therapies, 465 23 Evolution and development, 469 Macroevolution, 470 Molecular taxonomy, 471 Phylogeny of animals, 472 The fossil record, 473 The primordial animal, 474 Basal animals, 479 What really happened in evolution?, 481 Segmented body plans and Hox genes, 482 Insect wings and legs, 483 Atavisms, 483 Vertebrate limbs, 485 24 Regeneration of missing parts, 491 Types of regeneration, 491 Distribution of regenerative capacity, 491 Planarian regeneration, 492 Insect limb regeneration, 497 Vertebrate limb regeneration, 499 The process of limb regeneration, 499 The source of cells for regeneration, 501 Regeneration of regional pattern, 502 Regeneration: ancestral or adaptive property?, 508 General properties of regeneration, 509 Glossary, 513 Index, 527

About the Author :
Professor Jonathan M.W. Slack is an emeritus professor of the University of Bath, UK, where he was Head of the Department of Biology and Biochemistry; and the University of Minnesota, USA, where he was director of the Stem Cell Institute. He is a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization and a ??Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. He has published numerous research papers on developmental biology as well as five other books, including The Science of Stem Cells (Wiley-Blackwell 2018). Professor Leslie Dale is Professor of Developmental Biology at University College London, UK, where he was Head of Teaching for the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology. He teaches developmental biology to both undergarduate and medical students. For his PhD he studied regeneration in Drosophila imaginal discs and subsequently the development of Xenopus embryos.