Understanding Motivation and Emotion

The past ten years have seen an explosion of useful research surrounding human motivation and emotion; new insights allow researchers to answer the perennial questions, including "What do people want?" and "Why do they want what they want?" By delving into the roots of motivation, the emotional processes at work, and the impacts on learning, performance, and well-being, the seventh edition of Understanding Motivation and Emotion provides a toolbox of practical interventions and approaches for use in a wide variety of settings.

Table of Contents:
Preface Chapter 1 Introduction What Is Motivation? Why Is It Important? Motivational Science Two Perennial Questions What Causes Behavior? Why Does Behavior Vary in Its Intensity? Subject Matter Internal Motives External Events and Social Contexts Motivation versus Influence Expressions of Motivation Behavior Engagement Psychophysiology Brain Activations Self-Report Framework to Understand Motivation and Emotion Ten Unifying Themes Motivation and Emotion Benefit Adaptation and Functioning Motivation and Emotion Direct Attention Motivation and Emotion Are “Intervening Variables” Motives Vary Over Time and Contribute into the Ongoing Stream of Behavior Types of Motivations Exist We Are Not Always Consciously Aware of the Motivational Basis of Our Behavior Motivation Study Reveals What People Want To Flourish, Motivation Needs Supportive Conditions When Trying to Motivate Others, What Is Easy to Do Is Rarely What Works There Is Nothing So Practical as a Good Theory Summary Chapter 2 Motivation and Emotion in Historical Perspective Philosophical Origins of Motivational Concepts Grand Theories Will Instinct Drive Rise of the Mini-Theories Active Nature of the Person Cognitive Revolution Socially Relevant Questions Contemporary Era The 1990s Reemergence of Motivation Study Brief History of Emotion Study Conclusion Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 3 The Motivated and Emotional Brain Motivation, Emotion, and Neuroscience Day-to-Day Events Activate Specific Brain Structures Activated Brain Structures Generate Specific Motivations and Emotions Neural Basis of Motivation and Emotion Cortical Brain Subcortical Brain Bidirectional Communication Individual Brain Structures Involved in Motivation and Emotion Subcortical Brain Structures Cortical Brain Structures Hormones Summary Readings for Further Study Part I Needs Chapter 4 Physiological Needs Need Three Types of Needs Fundamentals of Regulation Physiological Need Psychological Drive Homeostasis Negative Feedback Multiple Inputs/Multiple Outputs Intraorganismic Mechanisms Extraorganismic Mechanisms Homeostatic Mechanism Thirst Physiological Regulation Environmental Influences Hunger Short-Term Appetite Long-Term Energy Balance Environmental Influences Self-Regulatory Influences Weight Gain and Obesity Comprehensive Model of Hunger Sex Physiological Regulation Facial Metrics Sexual Scripts Sexual Orientation Evolutionary Basis of Sexual Motivation Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 5 Extrinsic Motivation and Internalization Extrinsic Motivation Incentives and Consequences Incentives Reinforcers Managing Behavior Consequences Hidden Costs of Reward Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation versus Extrinsic Motivation Expected and Tangible Rewards Implications Benefits of Extrinsic Motivation Cognitive Evaluation Theory Two Examples of Controlling and Informational Events Types of Extrinsic Motivation External Regulation Introjected Regulation Identified Regulation Integrated Regulation Internalization and Integration Motivating Others on Uninteresting Activities Amotivation Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 6 Psychological Needs Psychological Needs Organismic Psychological Needs Benefits of Need Satisfaction Need Frustration Autonomy Supporting Autonomy The Conundrum of Choice Benefits from Autonomy Support Giving and Receiving Autonomy Support Competence Optimal Challenge Flow Structure Failure Tolerance Relatedness Involving Relatedness Satisfying Relatedness Supporting Relatedness Communal and Exchange Relationships Benefits from Relatedness Need Satisfaction Putting it All Together: Relationships and Social Contexts that Support Psychological Need Satisfaction Engagement What Makes for a Good Day? Vitality Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 7 Implicit Motives Implicit Motives Acquired Needs Social Needs How Implicit Motives, as Acquired Psychological Needs, Motivate Behavior Achievement Origins of the Need for Achievement Atkinson’s Model Achievement for the Future Dynamics-of-Action Model Conditions That Involve and Satisfy the Need for Achievement Affiliation Duality of Affiliation Motivation Conditions That Involve the Affiliation and Intimacy Duality Conditions That Satisfy the Affiliation Need Power Conditions That Involve and Satisfy the Need for Power Goal Pursuit and Perspective Taking Is the Implicit Power Motive Bad? Leadership Motive Pattern Compassionate Leadership Profile Four Additional Social Needs Summary Readings for Further Study Part II Cognitions Chapter 8 Goal Setting and Goal Striving Cognitive Springs to Action Plans Corrective Motivation Discrepancy Discrepancy, Emotions, and Feelings Two Types of Discrepancy Goal Setting Goal–Performance Discrepancy Difficult, Specific, and Congruent Goals Enhance Performance Feedback Criticisms Long-Term Goal Setting From Where Do Goals Come? Goal Striving Mental Simulations Implementation Intentions Goal Disengagement Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 9 Mindsets Mindset Mindset 1: Deliberative–Implemental Deliberative Mindset Implemental Mindset Downstream Consequences of the Deliberative and Implemental Mindsets Mindset 2: Promotion–Prevention Promotion Mindset Prevention Mindset Different Definitions of Success and Failure Different Goal-Striving Strategies Ideal Self-Guides and Ought Self-Guides Regulatory Fit Predicts Strength of Motivation and Well-Being Mindset 3: Growth-Fixed Fixed Mindset Growth Mindset Meaning of Effort Origins of Fixed-Growth Mindsets Different Fixed-Growth Mindsets Lead to Different Achievement Goals Achievement Goals Cognitive Dissonance Dissonance-Arousing Situations Motivational Processes Underlying Cognitive Dissonance Self-Perception Theory Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 10 Personal Control Beliefs Motivation to Exercise Personal Control Two Kinds of Expectancy Perceived Control: Self, Action, and Control Coping with Failure Self-Efficacy Sources of Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy Effects on Behavior Empowerment Empowering People: Mastery Modeling Program Mastery Beliefs Ways of Coping Mastery versus Helplessness Learned Helplessness Learning Helplessness Application to Humans Components Helplessness Effects Helplessness and Depression Attributions and Explanatory Style Reactance Theory Expectancy–Value Model Value Value Interventions Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 11 The Self and Its Strivings Two Views of Self Self-as-Object Self-as-Agent The Problem with Self-Esteem Self-Concept Self-Schemas Motivational Properties of Self-Schemas Consistent Self Self-Verification versus Self-Concept Change Why People Self-Verify Possible Selves Identity Roles Connections to Social Groups Situations Make Specific Identities Salient Agency Self as Action and Development from Within True Self? Self-Concordance Intrinsic Goals and Extrinsic Goals Self-Regulation Forethought through Reflection Developing More Competent Self-Regulation Self-Control Is the Capacity to Exert Self-Control Beneficial to a Successful Life? Summary Readings for Further Study Part III Emotions Chapter 12 Nature of Emotion: Six Perennial Questions Six Perennial Questions What is an Emotion? Definition Relation between Emotion and Motivation What Causes an Emotion? Two-Systems View Chicken-and-Egg What Ends an Emotion? How Many Emotions are There? Biological Perspective Cognitive Perspective Reconciliation of the Numbers Issue What Good are the Emotions? Coping Functions Social Functions Why We Have Emotions Can We Control Our Emotions? Emotion Regulation Strategies What is the Difference Between Emotion and Mood? Everyday Mood Positive Affect Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 13 Aspects of Emotion Biological Aspects of Emotion James–Lange Theory Contemporary Perspective Brain Activity Activates Individual Emotions Facial Feedback Hypothesis Cognitive Aspects of Emotion Appraisal Complex Appraisal Appraisal as a Process Emotion Differentiation Emotion Knowledge Attributions Emotions Affect Cognition Social Aspects of Emotion Social Interaction Social Sharing of Emotion Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 14 Individual Emotions Basic Emotions Fear Anger Disgust Contempt Sadness Emotional Preparation for Threat and Harm Joy Interest Emotional Preparation for Motive Involvement and Satisfaction Self-Conscious Emotions Shame Guilt Embarrassment Pride Triumph Interrelations among Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, Pride, and Hubris Cognitively Complex Emotions Envy Gratitude Disappointment and Regret Hope Schadenfreude Empathy Compassion Summary Readings for Further Study Part IV Applied Concerns Chapter 15 Growth Motivation and Positive Psychology Holism and Positive Psychology Holism Positive Psychology Self-Actualization Hierarchy of Human Needs Encouraging Growth Actualizing Tendency Organismic Valuing Process Emergence of the Self Conditions of Worth Conditional Regard as a Socialization Strategy Fully Functioning Individual Organismic Integration Humanistic Motivational Phenomena Causality Orientations Growth-Seeking versus Validation Seeking Relationships Freedom to Learn Self-Definition and Social Definition Problem of Evil Positive Psychology Happiness and Well-Being Eudaimonic Well-Being Optimism Meaning Positivity Mindfulness Interventions Cultivating Hope Cultivating Compassion Criticisms Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 16 Unconscious Motivation Psychodynamic Perspective Psychoanalytic Becomes Psychodynamic Dual-Instinct Theory Do the Id and Ego Actually Exist? Contemporary Psychodynamic Theory The Unconscious Freudian Unconscious Adaptive Unconscious Implicit Motivation Priming Psychodynamics Repression Suppression Terror Management Theory Ego Psychology Ego Development Ego Defense Ego Effectance Object Relations Theory Criticisms Summary Readings for Further Study Chapter 17 Interventions Applying Principles of Motivation and Emotion Explaining Motivation and Emotion Predicting Motivation and Emotion Solving Motivational and Emotional Problems Practice Problems Three State-of-the-Art Interventions Preface Intervention 1: Satisfying Psychological Needs Intervention 2: Increasing a Growth Mindset Intervention 3: Promoting Emotion Knowledge Wisdom Gained from a Scientific Study of Motivation and Emotion References Author Index Subject Index