Microwave Polarizers, Power Dividers, Phase Shifters, Circulators, and Switches: (IEEE Press)

Discusses the fundamental principles of the design and development of microwave satellite switches utilized in military, commercial, space, and terrestrial communication This book deals with important RF/microwave components such as switches and phase shifters, which are relevant to many RF/microwave applications. It provides the reader with fundamental principles of the operation of some basic ferrite control devices and explains their system uses. This in-depth exploration begins by reviewing traditional nonreciprocal components, such as circulators, and then proceeds to discuss the most recent advances. This sequential approach connects theoretical and scientific characteristics of the devices listed in the title with practical understanding and implementation in the real world. Microwave Polarizers, Power Dividers, Phase Shifters, Circulators and Switches covers the full scope of the subject matter and serves as both an educational text and resource for practitioners. Among the many topics discussed are microwave switching, circular polarization, planar wye and equilateral triangle resonators, and many others. Translates concepts and ideas fundamental to scientific knowledge into a more visual description Describes a wide array of devices including waveguides, shifters, and circulators Covers the use of finite element algorithms in design Microwave Polarizers, Power Dividers, Phase Shifters, Circulators and Switches is an ideal reference for all practitioners and graduate students involved in this niche field.

Table of Contents:
Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv List of Contributors xvii 1 Microwave Switching Using Junction Circulators 1 Joseph Helszajn 1.1 Microwave Switching Using Circulators 1 1.2 The Operation of the Switched Junction Circulator 1 1.3 The Turnstile Circulator 4 1.4 Externally and Internally Latched Junction Circulators 7 1.5 Standing Wave Solution of Resonators with Threefold Symmetry 7 1.6 Magnetic Circuit Using Major Hysteresis Loop 8 1.7 Display of Hysteresis Loop 9 1.8 Switching Coefficient of Magnetization 11 1.9 Magnetostatic Problem 13 1.10 Multiwire Magnetostatic Problem 14 1.11 Shape Factor of Cylindrical Resonator 15 Bibliography 16 2 The Operation of Nonreciprocal Microwave Faraday Rotation Devices and Circulators 19 Joseph Helszajn 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Faraday Rotation 20 2.3 Magnetic Variables of Faraday Rotation Devices 25 2.4 The Gyrator Network 27 2.5 Faraday Rotation Isolator 29 2.6 Four-port Faraday Rotation Circulator 30 2.7 Nonreciprocal Faraday Rotation-type Phase Shifter 31 2.8 Coupled Wave Theory of Faraday Rotation Section 32 2.9 The Partially Ferrite-filled Circular Waveguide 33 Bibliography 34 3 Circular Polarization in Parallel Plate Waveguides 37 Joseph Helszajn 3.1 Circular Polarization in Rectangular Waveguide 37 3.2 Circular Polarization in Dielectric Loaded Parallel Plate Waveguide with Open Sidewalls 40 Bibliography 47 4 Reciprocal Quarter-wave Plates in Circular Waveguides 49 Joseph Helszajn 4.1 Quarter-wave Plate 50 4.2 Coupled Mode Theory of Quarter-wave Plate 53 4.3 Effective Waveguide Model of Quarter-wave Plate 58 4.4 Phase Constants of Quarter-wave Plate Using the Cavity Method 59 4.5 Variable Rotor Power Divider 62 Bibliography 63 5 Nonreciprocal Ferrite Quarter-wave Plates 65 Joseph Helszajn 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Birefringence 65 5.3 Nonreciprocal Quarter-wave Plate Using the Birefringence Effect 67 5.4 Circulator Representation of Nonreciprocal Quarter-wave Plates 71 5.5 Coupled and Normal Modes in Magnetized Ferrite Medium 72 5.6 Variable Phase-shifters Employing Birefringent, Faraday Rotation, and Dielectric Half-wave Plates 73 5.7 Circulators and Switches Using Nonreciprocal Quarter-wave Plates 76 5.8 Nonreciprocal Circular Polarizer Using Elliptical Gyromagnetic Waveguide 77 Bibliography 79 6 Ridge, Coaxial, and Stripline Phase-shifters 81 Joseph Helszajn 6.1 Differential Phase-shift, Phase Deviation, and Figure of Merit of Ferrite Phase-shifter 82 6.2 Coaxial Differential Phase-shifter 82 6.3 Ridge Waveguide Differential Phase-shifter 88 6.4 The Stripline Edge Mode Phase-shifter 90 6.5 Latched Quasi-TEM Phase-shifters 91 Bibliography 92 7 Finite Element Adjustment of the Rectangular Waveguide-latched Differential Phase-shifter 95 Joseph Helszajn and Mark McKay 7.1 Introduction 95 7.2 FE Discretization of Rectangular Waveguide Phase-shifters 97 7.3 LS Modes Limit Waveguide Bandwidths 98 7.4 Cutoff Numbers and Split Phase Constants of a Twin Slab Ferrite Phase-shifter 99 7.5 The Waveguide Toroidal Phase-shifter 102 7.6 Industrial Practice 103 7.7 Magnetic Circuits Using Major and Minor Hysteresis Loops 103 7.8 Construction of Latching Circuits 106 7.9 Temperature Compensation Using Composite Circuits 107 Bibliography 109 8 Edge Mode Phase-shifter 111 Joseph Helszajn and Henry Downs 8.1 Edge Mode Effect 112 8.2 Edge Mode Characteristic Equation 115 8.3 Fields and Power in Edge Mode Devices 115 8.4 Circular Polarization and the Edge Mode Effect 118 8.5 Edge Mode Phase-shifter 120 8.6 Edge Mode Isolators, Phase-shifters, and Circulators 123 Bibliography 124 9 The Two-port On/Off H-plane Waveguide Turnstile Gyromagnetic Switch 127 Joseph Helszajn, Mark McKay, Alicia Casanueva, and Angel Mediavilla Sánchez 9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 Two-port H-plane Turnstile On/Off Switch 127 9.3 Even and Odd Eigenvectors of E-plane Waveguide Tee Junction 129 9.4 Eigenvalue Adjustment of Turnstile Plane Switch 130 9.5 Eigen-networks 132 9.6 Numerical Adjustments of Passbands 133 9.7 An Off/On H-plane Switch 134 Bibliography 136 10 Off/On and On/Off Two-port E-plane Waveguide Switches Using Turnstile Resonators 137 Joseph Helszajn, Mark McKay, and John Sharp 10.1 Introduction 137 10.2 The Shunt E-plane Tee Junction 138 10.3 Operation of Off/On and On/Off E-plane Switches 140 10.4 Even and Odd Eigenvector of H-plane Waveguide Tee Junction 141 10.5 Phenomenological Description of Two-port Off/On and On/Off Switches 142 10.6 Eigenvalue Diagrams of Small- and Large-gap E-plane Waveguide Tee Junction 144 10.7 Eigenvalue Diagrams of E-plane Waveguide Tee Junction 145 10.8 Eigen-networks of E-plane Tee Junction 146 10.9 Eigenvalue Algorithm 147 10.10 Pass and Stop Bands in Demagnetized E-plane Waveguide Tee Junction 148 Bibliography 150 11 Operation of Two-port On/Off and Off/On Planar Switches Using the Mutual Energy–Finite Element Method 153 Joseph Helszajn and David J. Lynch 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 Impedance and Admittance Matrices from Mutual Energy Consideration 154 11.3 Impedance and Admittance Matrices for Reciprocal Planar Circuits 157 11.4 Immittance Matrices of n-Port Planar Circuits Using Finite Elements 160 11.5 Frequency Response of Two-port Planar Circuits Using the Mutual Energy–Finite Element Method 161 11.6 Stripline Switch Using Puck/Plug Half-spaces 166 Bibliography 169 12 Standing Wave Solutions and Cutoff Numbers of Planar WYE and Equilateral Triangle Resonators 171 Joseph Helszajn 12.1 Introduction 171 12.2 Cutoff Space of WYE Resonator 172 12.3 Standing Wave Circulation Solution of WYE Resonator 174 12.4 Resonant Frequencies of Quasi-wye Magnetized Resonators 175 12.5 The Gyromagnetic Cutoff Space 179 12.6 TM Field Patterns of Triangular Planar Resonator 180 12.7 TM1,0,−1 Field Components of Triangular Planar Resonator 182 12.8 Circulation Solutions 182 Bibliography 184 13 The Turnstile Junction Circulator: First Circulation Condition 185 Joseph Helszajn 13.1 Introduction 185 13.2 The Four-port Turnstile Junction Circulator 186 13.3 The Turnstile Junction Circulator 188 13.4 Scattering Matrix 190 13.5 Frequencies of Cavity Resonators 193 13.6 Effective Dielectric Constant of Open Dielectric Waveguide 193 13.7 The Open Dielectric Cavity Resonator 196 13.8 The In-phase Mode 198 13.9 First Circulation Condition 200 Bibliography 200 14 The Turnstile Junction Circulator: Second Circulation Condition 203 Joseph Helszajn and Mark McKay 14.1 Introduction 203 14.2 Complex Gyrator of Turnstile Circulator 204 14.3 Susceptance Slope Parameter, Gyrator Conductance, and Quality Factor 207 14.4 Propagation in Gyromagnetic Waveguides 208 14.5 Eigen-network of Turnstile Circulator 209 14.6 The Quality Factor of the Turnstile Circulator 211 14.7 Susceptance Slope Parameter of Turnstile Junction 213 Bibliography 213 15 A Finite-Element Algorithm for the Adjustment of the First Circulation Condition of the H-plane Turnstile Waveguide Circulator 217 Joseph Helszajn 15.1 Introduction 217 15.2 Bandpass Frequency of a Turnstile Junction 219 15.3 In-phase and Counterrotating Modes of Turnstile Junction 221 15.4 Reference Plane 222 15.5 FE Algorithm 222 15.6 FE Adjustment 224 15.7 The Reentrant Turnstile Junction in Standard WR75 Waveguide 230 15.8 Susceptance Slope Parameter of Degree-1 Junction 230 15.9 Split Frequencies of Gyromagnetic Resonators 233 References 236 16 The E-plane Waveguide Wye Junction: First Circulation Conditions 239 Joseph Helszajn and Marco Caplin 16.1 Introduction 239 16.2 Scattering Matrix of Reciprocal E-plane Three-port Y-junction 240 16.3 Reflection Eigenvalue Diagrams of Three-port Junction Circulator 242 16.4 Eigen-networks 244 16.5 Pass Band and Stop Band Characteristic Planes 246 16.6 The Dicke Eigenvalue Solution 247 16.7 Stop Band Characteristic Plane 248 16.8 The E-plane Geometry 249 16.9 First Circulation Condition 251 16.10 Calculations of Eigenvalues 253 Bibliography 254 17 Adjustment of Prism Turnstile Resonators Latched by Wire Loops 257 Joseph Helszajn and William D’Orazio 17.1 Introduction 257 17.2 The Prism Resonator 258 17.3 Split Frequency of Cavity Resonator with Up or Down Magnetization 260 17.4 Quality Factor of Gyromagnetic Resonator with Up and Down Magnetization 261 17.5 Shape Factor of Tri-toroidal Resonator 262 17.6 Squareness Ratio 264 17.7 The Complex Gyrator Circuit of the Three-port Junction Circulator 265 17.8 The Alternate Line Transformer 266 17.9 Effective Complex Gyrator Circuit 267 Bibliography 267 18 Numerical Adjustment of Waveguide Ferrite Switches Using Tri-toroidal Resonators 269 Joseph Helszajn and Mark McKay 18.1 Introduction 269 18.2 The Tri-toroidal Resonator 270 18.3 The Wire Carrying Slot Geometry 272 18.4 The Magnetostatic Problem 273 18.5 Quality Factor of Junction Circulators with Up and Down Magnetization 274 18.6 Split Frequencies of Planar and Cavity Gyromagnetic Resonators 275 18.7 The Split Frequencies of Prism Resonator with Up and Down Magnetization 276 18.8 Exact Calculation of Split Frequencies in Tri-toroidal Cavity 277 18.9 Calculation and Experiment 278 18.10 Tri-toroidal Composite Prism Resonator 279 18.11 Tri-toroidal Wye Resonator with Up and Down Magnetization 280 Bibliography 282 19 The Waveguide H-plane Tee Junction Circulator Using a Composite Gyromagnetic Resonator 285 Joseph Helszajn 19.1 Introduction 285 19.2 Eigenvalue Problem of the H-plane Reciprocal Tee Junction 286 19.3 Electrically Symmetric H-plane Junction at the Altman Planes 289 19.4 Characteristic Planes 290 19.5 The Septum-loaded H-plane Waveguide 292 19.6 The Waveguide Tee Junction Using a Dielectric Post Resonator: First Circulation Condition 294 19.7 The Waveguide Tee Junction Circulator Using a Gyromagnetic Post Resonator: Second Circulation Condition 296 19.8 Composite Dielectric Resonator 297 Bibliography 299 20 0 , 90 , and 180 Passive Power Dividers 301 Joseph Helszajn and Mark McKay 20.1 Introduction 301 20.2 Wilkinson Power Divider 302 20.3 Even and Odd Mode Adjustment of the Wilkinson Power Divider 302 20.4 Scattering Matrix of 90 Directional Coupler 305 20.5 Even and Odd Mode Theory of Directional Couplers 309 20.6 Power Divider Using 90 Hybrids 311 20.7 Variable Power Dividers 313 20.8 180 Waveguide Hybrid Network 314 Bibliography 318 Index 321  

About the Author :
JOSEPH HELSZAJN, PHD, is an international authority on non-reciprocal microwave circuits and devices. He has made a significant contribution to the characterization of the complex gyrator circuits and gain-bandwidth products of planar gyromagnetic resonators and other gyromagnetic devices. Professor Helszajn is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (FIEEE), the City and Guilds Institute (FGCI), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE), and the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng). He previously authored thirteen books, nine of which were published by Wiley.