SPSS Data Analysis for Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Statistics

Enables readers to start doing actual data analysis fast for a truly hands-on learning experience This concise and very easy-to-use primer introduces readers to a host of computational tools useful for making sense out of data, whether that data come from the social, behavioral, or natural sciences. The book places great emphasis on both data analysis and drawing conclusions from empirical observations. It also provides formulas where needed in many places, while always remaining focused on concepts rather than mathematical abstraction. SPSS Data Analysis for Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Statistics offers a variety of popular statistical analyses and data management tasks using SPSS that readers can immediately apply as needed for their own research, and emphasizes many helpful computational tools used in the discovery of empirical patterns. The book begins with a review of essential statistical principles before introducing readers to SPSS. The book then goes on to offer chapters on: Exploratory Data Analysis, Basic Statistics, and Visual Displays; Data Management in SPSS; Inferential Tests on Correlations, Counts, and Means; Power Analysis and Estimating Sample Size; Analysis of Variance – Fixed and Random Effects; Repeated Measures ANOVA; Simple and Multiple Linear Regression; Logistic Regression; Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Discriminant Analysis; Principal Components Analysis; Exploratory Factor Analysis; and Non-Parametric Tests. This helpful resource allows readers to: Understand data analysis in practice rather than delving too deeply into abstract mathematical concepts Make use of computational tools used by data analysis professionals. Focus on real-world application to apply concepts from the book to actual research Assuming only minimal, prior knowledge of statistics, SPSS Data Analysis for Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Statistics is an excellent “how-to” book for undergraduate and graduate students alike. This book is also a welcome resource for researchers and professionals who require a quick, go-to source for performing essential statistical analyses and data management tasks.

Table of Contents:
Preface ix 1 Review of Essential Statistical Principles 1 1.1 Variables and Types of Data 2 1.2 Significance Tests and Hypothesis Testing 3 1.3 Significance Levels and Type I and Type II Errors 4 1.4 Sample Size and Power 5 1.5 Model Assumptions 6 2 Introduction to SPSS 9 2.1 How to Communicate with SPSS 9 2.2 Data View vs. Variable View 10 2.3 Missing Data in SPSS: Think Twice Before Replacing Data! 12 3 Exploratory Data Analysis, Basic Statistics, and Visual Displays 19 3.1 Frequencies and Descriptives 19 3.2 The Explore Function 23 3.3 What Should I Do with Outliers? Delete or Keep Them? 28 3.4 Data Transformations 29 4 Data Management in SPSS 33 4.1 Computing a New Variable 33 4.2 Selecting Cases 34 4.3 Recoding Variables into Same or Different Variables 36 4.4 Sort Cases 37 4.5 Transposing Data 38 5 Inferential Tests on Correlations, Counts, and Means 41 5.1 Computing z‐Scores in SPSS 41 5.2 Correlation Coefficients 44 5.3 A Measure of Reliability: Cohen’s Kappa 52 5.4 Binomial Tests 52 5.5 Chi‐square Goodness‐of‐fit Test 54 5.6 One‐sample t‐Test for a Mean 57 5.7 Two‐sample t‐Test for Means 59 6 Power Analysis and Estimating Sample Size 63 6.1 Example Using G*Power: Estimating Required Sample Size for Detecting Population Correlation 64 6.2 Power for Chi‐square Goodness of Fit 66 6.3 Power for Independent‐samples t‐Test 66 6.4 Power for Paired‐samples t‐Test 67 7 Analysis of Variance: Fixed and Random Effects 69 7.1 Performing the ANOVA in SPSS 70 7.2 The F‐Test for ANOVA 73 7.3 Effect Size 74 7.4 Contrasts and Post Hoc Tests on Teacher 75 7.5 Alternative Post Hoc Tests and Comparisons 78 7.6 Random Effects ANOVA 80 7.7 Fixed Effects Factorial ANOVA and Interactions 82 7.8 What Would the Absence of an Interaction Look Like? 86 7.9 Simple Main Effects 86 7.10 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) 88 7.11 Power for Analysis of Variance 90 8 Repeated Measures ANOVA 91 8.1 One‐way Repeated Measures 91 8.2 Two‐way Repeated Measures: One Between and One Within Factor 99 9 Simple and Multiple Linear Regression 103 9.1 Example of Simple Linear Regression 103 9.2 Interpreting a Simple Linear Regression: Overview of Output 105 9.3 Multiple Regression Analysis 107 9.4 Scatterplot Matrix 111 9.5 Running the Multiple Regression 112 9.6 Approaches to Model Building in Regression 118 9.7 Forward, Backward, and Stepwise Regression 120 9.8 Interactions in Multiple Regression 121 9.9 Residuals and Residual Plots: Evaluating Assumptions 123 9.10 Homoscedasticity Assumption and Patterns of Residuals 125 9.11 Detecting Multivariate Outliers and Influential Observations 126 9.12 Mediation Analysis 127 9.13 Power for Regression 129 10 Logistic Regression 131 10.1 Example of Logistic Regression 132 10.2 Multiple Logistic Regression 138 10.3 Power for Logistic Regression 139 11 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Discriminant Analysis 141 11.1 Example of MANOVA 142 11.2 Effect Sizes 146 11.3 Box’s M Test 147 11.4 Discriminant Function Analysis 148 11.5 Equality of Covariance Matrices Assumption 152 11.6 MANOVA and Discriminant Analysis on Three Populations 153 11.7 Classification Statistics 159 11.8 Visualizing Results 161 11.9 Power Analysis for MANOVA 162 12 Principal Components Analysis 163 12.1 Example of PCA 163 12.2 Pearson’s 1901 Data 164 12.3 Component Scores 166 12.4 Visualizing Principal Components 167 12.5 PCA of Correlation Matrix 170 13 Exploratory Factor Analysis 175 13.1 The Common Factor Analysis Model 175 13.2 The Problem with Exploratory Factor Analysis 176 13.3 Factor Analysis of the PCA Data 176 13.4 What Do We Conclude from the Factor Analysis? 179 13.5 Scree Plot 180 13.6 Rotating the Factor Solution 181 13.7 Is There Sufficient Correlation to Do the Factor Analysis? 182 13.8 Reproducing the Correlation Matrix 183 13.9 Cluster Analysis 184 13.10 How to Validate Clusters? 187 13.11 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 188 14 Nonparametric Tests 191 14.1 Independent‐ samples: Mann–Whitney U 192 14.2 Multiple Independent‐samples: Kruskal–Wallis Test 193 14.3 Repeated Measures Data: The Wilcoxon Signed‐rank Test and Friedman Test 194 14.4 The Sign Test 196 Closing Remarks and Next Steps 199 References 201 Index 203