5G System Design: Architectural and Functional Considerations and Long Term Research

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research and standardization progress towards the 5th generation (5G) of mobile communications technology and beyond. It covers a wide range of topics from 5G use cases and their requirements, to spectrum, 5G end-to-end (E2E) system architecture including core network (CN), transport network (TN) and radio access network (RAN) architecture, network slicing, security and network management. It further dives into the detailed functional design and the evaluation of different 5G concepts, and provides details on planned trials and pre-commercial deployments across the globe. While the book naturally captures the latest agreements in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) Release 15, it goes significantly beyond this by describing the likely developments towards the final 5G system that will ultimately utilize a wide range of spectrum bands, address all envisioned 5G use cases, and meet or exceed the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) requirements for the year 2020 and beyond (IMT-2020). 5G System Design: Architectural and Functional Considerations and Long Term Research is based on the knowledge and consensus from 158 leading researchers and standardization experts from 54 companies or institutes around the globe, representing key mobile network operators, network vendors, academic institutions and regional bodies for 5G. Different from earlier books on 5G, it does not focus on single 5G technology components, but describes the full 5G system design from E2E architecture to detailed functional design, including details on 5G performance, implementation and roll-out.

Table of Contents:
Contributor List xvii Foreword 1 xxiii Foreword 2 xxv Acknowledgments xxvii List of Abbreviations xxix Part 1 Introduction and Basics 1 1 Introduction and Motivation 3 Patrick Marsch, Ömer Bulakçı, Olav Queseth and Mauro Boldi 1.1 5th Generation Mobile and Wireless Communications 3 1.2 Timing of this Book and Global 5G Developments 5 1.3 Scope of the 5G System Described in this Book 8 1.4 Approach and Structure of this Book 10 References 12 2 Use Cases, Scenarios, and their Impact on the Mobile Network Ecosystem 15 Salah Eddine Elayoubi, Michał Maternia, Jose F. Monserrat, Frederic Pujol, Panagiotis Spapis, Valerio Frascolla and Davide Sorbara 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Main Service Types Considered for 5G 16 2.3 5G Service Requirements 17 2.4 Use Cases Considered in NGMN and 5G PPP Projects 18 2.5 Typical Use Cases Considered in this Book 25 2.6 Envisioned Mobile Network Ecosystem Evolution 28 2.7 Summary and Outlook 33 References 34 3 Spectrum Usage and Management 35 Thomas Rosowski, Rauno Ruismaki, Luis M. Campoy, Giovanna D’Aria, Du Ho Kang and Adrian Kliks 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Spectrum Authorization and Usage Scenarios 36 3.3 Spectrum Bandwidth Demand Determination 39 3.4 Frequency Bands for 5G 41 3.5 Spectrum Usage Aspects at High Frequencies 44 3.6 Spectrum Management 49 3.7 Summary and Outlook 53 References 54 4 Channel Modeling 57 Shangbin Wu, Sinh L. H. Nguyen and Raffaele D’Errico 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Core Features of New Channel Models 59 4.3 Additional Features of New Channel Models 65 4.4 Summary and Outlook 74 References 75 Part 2 5G System Architecture and E2E Enablers 79 5 E2E Architecture 81 Marco Gramaglia, Alexandros Kaloxylos, Panagiotis Spapis, Xavier Costa, Luis Miguel Contreras, Riccardo Trivisonno, Gerd Zimmermann, Antonio de la Oliva, Peter Rost and Patrick Marsch 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Enablers and Design Principles 82 5.3 E2E Architecture Overview 88 5.4 Novel Concepts and Architectural Extensions 97 5.5 Internetworking, Migration and Network Evolution 104 5.6 Summary and Outlook 112 References 112 6 RAN Architecture 115 Patrick Marsch, Navid Nikaein, Mark Doll, Tao Chen and Emmanouil Pateromichelakis 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Related Work 116 6.3 RAN Architecture Requirements 118 6.4 Protocol Stack Architecture and Network Functions 119 6.5 Multi‐Connectivity 129 6.6 RAN Function Splits and Resulting Logical Network Entities 133 6.7 Deployment Scenarios and Related Physical RAN Architectures 141 6.8 RAN Programmability and Control 144 6.9 Summary and Outlook 147 References 148 7 Transport Network Architecture 151 Anna Tzanakaki, Markos Anastasopoulos, Nathan Gomes, Philippos Assimakopoulos, Josep M. Fàbrega, Michela Svaluto Moreolo, Laia Nadal, Jesús Gutiérrez, Vladica Sark, Eckhard Grass, Daniel Camps‐Mur, Antonio de la Oliva, Nuria Molner, Xavier Costa Perez, Josep Mangues, Ali Yaver, Paris Flegkas, Nikos Makris, Thanasis Korakis and Dimitra Simeonidou 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Architecture Definition 153 7.3 Technology Options and Protocols 158 7.4 Self‐Backhauling 165 7.5 Technology Integration and Interfacing 168 7.6 Transport Network Optimization and Performance Evaluation 170 7.7 Summary 178 References 178 8 Network Slicing 181 Alexandros Kaloxylos, Christian Mannweiler, Gerd Zimmermann, Marco Di Girolamo, Patrick Marsch, Jakob Belschner, Anna Tzanakaki, Riccardo Trivisonno, Ömer Bulakçı, Panagiotis Spapis, Peter Rost, Paul Arnold and Navid Nikaein 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 Slice Realization in the Different Network Domains 183 8.3 Operational Aspects 196 8.4 Summary and Outlook 202 References 204 9 Security 207 Carolina Canales‐Valenzuela, Madalina Baltatu, Luciana Costa, Kai Habel, Volker Jungnickel, Geza Koczian, Felix Ngobigha, Michael C. Parker, Muhammad Shuaib Siddiqui, Eleni Trouva and Stuart D. Walker 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 Threat Landscape 208 9.3 5G Security Requirements 209 9.4 5G Security Architecture 211 9.5 Summary 224 References 224 10 Network Management and Orchestration 227 Luis M. Contreras, Víctor López, Ricard Vilalta, Ramon Casellas, Raúl Muñoz, Wei Jiang, Hans Schotten, Jose Alcaraz‐Calero, Qi Wang, Balázs Sonkoly and László Toka 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Network Management and Orchestration Through SDN and NFV 228 10.3 Enablers of Management and Orchestration 233 10.4 Orchestration in Multi‐Domain and Multi‐Technology Scenarios 238 10.5 Software‐Defined Networking for 5G 245 10.6 Network Function Virtualization in 5G Environments 251 10.7 Autonomic Network Management in 5G 252 10.8 Summary 258 References 259 Part 3 5G Functional Design 263 11 Antenna, PHY and MAC Design 265 Frank Schaich, Catherine Douillard, Charbel Abdel Nour, Malte Schellmann, Tommy Svensson, Hao Lin, Honglei Miao, Hua Wang, Jian Luo, Milos Tesanovic, Nuno Pratas, Sandra Roger and Thorsten Wild 11.1 Introduction 265 11.2 PHY and MAC Design Criteria and Harmonization 267 11.3 Waveform Design 269 11.4 Coding Approaches and HARQ 283 11.5 Antenna Design, Analog, Digital and Hybrid Beamforming 293 11.6 PHY/MAC Design for Multi‐Service Support 300 11.7 Summary and Outlook 310 References 311 12 Traffic Steering and Resource Management 315 Ömer Bulakçı, Klaus Pedersen, David Gutierrez Estevez, Athul Prasad, Fernando Sanchez Moya, Jan Christoffersson, Yang Yang, Emmanouil Pateromichelakis, Paul Arnold, Tommy Svensson, Tao Chen, Honglei Miao, Martin Kurras, Samer Bazzi, Stavroula Vassaki, Evangelos Kosmatos, Kwang Taik Kim, Giorgio Calochira, Jakob Belschner, Sergio Barberis and Taylan Şahin 12.1 Motivation and Role of Resource Management in 5G 315 12.2 Service Classification: A First Step Towards Efficient RM 317 12.3 Dynamic Multi‐Service Scheduling 321 12.4 Fast‐Timescale Dynamic Traffic Steering 328 12.5 Network‐based Interference Management 335 12.6 Multi‐Slice RM 350 12.7 Energy‐efficient RAN Moderation 354 12.8 UE Context Management 359 12.9 Summary and Outlook 360 References 361 13 Initial Access, RRC and Mobility 367 Mårten Ericson, Panagiotis Spapis, Mikko Säily, Klaus Pedersen, Yinan Qi, Nicolas Barati, Tommy Svensson, Mehrdad Shariat, Marco Giordani, Marco Mezzavilla, Mark Doll, Honglei Miao and Chan Zhou 13.1 Introduction 367 13.2 Initial Access 369 13.3 States and State Handling 381 13.4 Mobility 391 13.5 Summary and Outlook 404 References 404 14 D2D and V2X Communications 409 Shubhranshu Singh, Ji Lianghai, Daniel Calabuig, David Garcia‐Roger, Nurul H. Mahmood, Nuno Pratas, Tomasz Mach and Maria Carmela De Gennaro 14.1 Introduction 409 14.2 Technical Status and Standardization Overview 412 14.3 5G Air Interface Candidate Waveforms for Sidelink Support 418 14.4 Device Discovery on the Sidelink 424 14.5 Sidelink Mobility Management 427 14.6 V2X Communications for Road Safety Applications 430 14.7 Industrial Implementation of V2X in the Automotive Domain 434 14.8 Further Evolution of D2D Communications 438 14.9 Summary and Outlook 445 References 446 Part 4 Performance Evaluation and Implementation 451 15 Performance, Energy Efficiency and Techno‐Economic Assessment 453 Michał Maternia, Jose F. Monserrat, David Martín‐Sacristán, Yong Wu, Changqing Yang, Mauro Boldi, Yu Bao, Frederic Pujol, Giuseppe Piro, Gennaro Boggia, Alessandro Grassi, Hans‐Otto Scheck, Ioannis‐Prodromos Belikaidis, Andreas Georgakopoulos, Katerina Demesticha and Panagiotis Demestichas 15.1 Introduction 453 15.2 Performance Evaluation Framework 454 15.3 Network Energy Efficiency 467 15.4 Techno‐Economic Evaluation and Analysis of 5G Deployment 473 15.5 Summary 478 References 479 16 Implementation of Hardware and Software Platforms 483 Chia‐Yu Chang, Dario Sabella, David García‐Roger, Dieter Ferling, Fredrik Tillman, Gian Michele Dell’Aera, Leonardo Gomes Baltar, Michael Färber, Miquel Payaró, Navid Nikaein, Pablo Serrano,Raymond Knopp, Sandra Roger, Sylvie Mayrargue and Tapio Rautio 16.1 Introduction 483 16.2 Solutions for Radio Frontend Implementation 484 16.3 Solutions for Digital HW Implementation 492 16.4 Flexible HW/SW Partitioning Solutions for 5G 502 16.5 Implementation of SW Platforms 504 16.6 Implementation Example: vRAN/C‐RAN Architecture in OAI 506 16.7 Summary 516 References 517 17 Standardization, Trials, and Early Commercialization 521 Terje Tjelta, Olav Queseth, Didier Bourse, Yves Bellego, Raffaele de Peppe, Hisham Elshaer, Frederic Pujol, Chris Pearson, Chen Xiaobei, Takehiro Nakamura, Akira Matsunaga, Hitoshi Yoshino, Yukihiko Okumura, Dong Ku Kim, Jinhyo Park and Hong Beom Jeon 17.1 Introduction 521 17.2 Standardization Roadmap 522 17.3 Early Deployments 526 17.4 Summary 547 References 547 Index 551

About the Author :
DR. PATRICK MARSCH has been heading research and R&D departments in NSN and Nokia, Poland, from 2011 to 2017, and is now Senior Project Manager, Digital Rail at Deutsche Bahn AG, Germany. Patrick has also been the technical manager of the 5G PPP METIS-II project, from which parts of this book have originated. DR. ÖMER BULAKÇI is Senior Research Engineer, Huawei German Research Center (GRC), Munich, Germany. He has been vice-chairman of the 5G PPP Architecture Working Group, and work package leader in 5G PPP METIS-II and 5G-MoNArch projects. DR. OLAV QUESETH, is Master Researcher, Ericsson Research, Sweden. He has been chairman of the 5G PPP Pre-standards Working Group and the coordinator of the 5G PPP METIS-II project. MAURO BOLDI works at Wireless Innovation, Telecom Italia, Italy. He has been the leader of dissemination and standardization in many European projects, such as 5G PPP METIS-II and 5G-MoNArch.